{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:54:13Z","timestamp":1791453253134,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":241,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mitteldeutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Pneumologie und Thoraxchirurgie","award":["2019-MDGP-PA-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-MDGP-PA-001"]}]},{"name":"Mitteldeutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Pneumologie und Thoraxchirurgie","award":["361210922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["361210922"]}]},{"name":"RTG 2408","award":["2019-MDGP-PA-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-MDGP-PA-001"]}]},{"name":"RTG 2408","award":["361210922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["361210922"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and affects more than 300 million patients. Allergic asthma affects the majority of asthmatic children as well as approximately 50% of adult asthmatics. It is characterized by a Th2-mediated immune response against aeroallergens. Many aspects of the overall pathophysiology are known, while the underlying mechanisms and predisposing factors remain largely elusive today. Over the last decade, respiratory colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (S.\u00a0aureus), a Gram-positive facultative bacterial pathogen, came into focus as a risk factor for the development of atopic respiratory diseases. More than 30% of the world\u2019s population is constantly colonized with S.\u00a0aureus in their nasopharynx. This colonization is mostly asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised patients, it can lead to serious complications including pneumonia, sepsis, or even death. S.\u00a0aureus is known for its ability to produce a wide range of proteins including toxins, serine-protease-like proteins, and protein A. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the pathophysiology of allergic asthma and to what extent it can be affected by different toxins produced by S.\u00a0aureus. Intensifying this knowledge might lead to new preventive strategies for atopic respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T05:15:53Z","timestamp":1672377353000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Role of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Toxins in the Pathogenesis of Allergic Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ilka","family":"Jorde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg\/Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg\/Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Stegemann-Koniszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg\/Medical Faculty, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3049","article-title":"The immunology of asthma","volume":"16","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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