{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:49:18Z","timestamp":1780919358000,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"name":"University of Torino, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of headache and associated neurological symptoms. At present, a significant portion of patients do not obtain a satisfactory response to acute pain-relieving therapies, including NSAIDs and triptans. In this context, pharmacogenetics plays a key role in the understanding of such a diverse response. In order to investigate whether functional polymorphisms in proinflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-1RN; IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1) may influence the response to acute treatment, 313 consecutive patients with episodic migraine without aura were enrolled. Pain relief by administration of NSAIDs or triptans for three consecutive migraine attacks was evaluated. We found a significant association between A allele of the TNF-\u03b1 promoter (\u2212308 A\/G) and a lack of efficacy after NSAID administration (p &lt; 0.01, OR 2.51, 95% CI: 1.33 &lt; OR &lt; 4.75 compared to the G allele). Remaining polymorphisms had no significant effect on pain relief. Our study showed that a functional polymorphism in the TNF-\u03b1 gene significantly modulates the clinical response to NSAID administration in acute attacks. Patients with higher production of the active cytokine during stress showed a significantly lower anti-migraine effect. Our results further support a role for TNF-\u03b1 in the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine attack.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1672632429000},"page":"657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Polymorphisms of the Proinflammatory Cytokine Genes Modulate the Response to NSAIDs but Not to Triptans in Migraine Attacks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rubino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2889-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Marcinn\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Grassini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Maria","family":"Piella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Ferrandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Roveta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Boschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9753-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Cermelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Gallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Savi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innocenzo","family":"Rainero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). 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