{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:29:17Z","timestamp":1780349357810,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Minister of Health","award":["Ricerca Corrente Program 2019\u20132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente Program 2019\u20132021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Achalasia is an esophageal smooth muscle motility disorder with unknown pathogenesis. Taking into account our previous results on the downexpression of miR-200c-3p in tissues of patients with achalasia correlated with an increased expression of PRKG1, SULF1, and SYDE1 genes, our aim was to explore the unknown biological interaction between these genes and human miR-200c-3p and if this relation could unravel their functional role in the etiology of achalasia. To search for putative miR-200c-3p binding sites in the 3\u2032-UTR of PRKG1, SULF1 and SYDE1, a bioinformatics tool was used. To test whether PRKG1, SULF1, and SYDE1 are targeted by miR-200c-3p, a dual-luciferase reporter assay and quantitative PCR on HEK293 and fibroblast cell lines were performed. To explore the biological correlation between PRKG1 and miR-200c-3p, an immunoblot analysis was carried out. The overexpression of miR-200c-3p reduced the luciferase activity in cells transfected with a luciferase reporter containing a fragment of the 3\u2032-UTR regions of PRKG1, SULF1, and SYDE1 which included the miR-200c-3p seed sequence. The deletion of the miR-200c-3p seed sequence from the 3\u2032-UTR fragments abrogated this reduction. A negative correlation between miR-200c-3p and PRKG1, SULF1, and SYDE1 expression levels was observed. Finally, a reduction of the endogenous level of PRKG1 in cells overexpressing miR-200c-3p was detected. Our study provides, for the first time, functional evidence about the PRKG1 gene as a direct target and SULF1 and SYDE1 as potential indirect substrates of miR-200c-3p and suggests the involvement of NO\/cGMP\/PKG signaling in the pathogenesis of achalasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1672632429000},"page":"668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Downexpression of miR-200c-3p Contributes to Achalasia Disease by Targeting the PRKG1 Gene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Micale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7794-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Nardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orazio","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Latiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenica","family":"Gioffreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Tavano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Panza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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