{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:19:57Z","timestamp":1787987997642,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEXT KAKENHI","award":["17H04725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04725"]}]},{"name":"MEXT KAKENHI","award":["21K11676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K11676"]}]},{"name":"MEXT KAKENHI","award":["16K14928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K14928"]}]},{"name":"MEXT KAKENHI","award":["17H03818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H03818"]}]},{"name":"MEXT KAKENHI","award":["20H02933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H02933"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since brown rice extract is a rich source of biologically active compounds, the present study is aimed to quantify the major compounds in brown rice and to compare their cytoprotective potential against oxidative stress. The content of the main hydrophobic compounds in brown rice followed the order of cycloartenyl ferulate (CAF) (89.00 \u00b1 8.07 nmol\/g) &gt;&gt; \u03b1-tocopherol (\u03b1T) (19.73 \u00b1 2.28 nmol\/g) &gt; \u03b3-tocotrienol (\u03b3T3) (18.24 \u00b1 1.41 nmol\/g) &gt; \u03b1-tocotrienol (\u03b1T3) (16.02 \u00b1 1.29 nmol\/g) &gt; \u03b3-tocopherol (\u03b3T) (3.81 \u00b1 0.40 nmol\/g). However, the percent contribution of CAF to the radical scavenging activity of one gram of whole brown rice was similar to those of \u03b1T, \u03b1T3, and \u03b3T3 because of its weaker antioxidant activity. The CAF pretreatment displayed a significant cytoprotective effect on the hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity from 10 \u00b5M, which is lower than the minimal concentrations of \u03b1T and \u03b3T required for a significant protection. CAF also enhanced the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation coincided with the enhancement of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA level. An HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), significantly impaired the cytoprotection of CAF. The cytoprotective potential of CAF is attributable to its cycloartenyl moiety besides the ferulyl moiety. These results suggested that CAF is the predominant cytoprotector in brown rice against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T02:33:21Z","timestamp":1672713201000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cycloartenyl Ferulate Is the Predominant Compound in Brown Rice Conferring Cytoprotective Potential against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China"},{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingnan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China"},{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riho","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Munemasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7864-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-58392020000200303","article-title":"Temperate japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding: History, present and future challenges","volume":"80","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chil. 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