{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:13:26Z","timestamp":1793236406477,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have investigated the role of inflammation in promoting tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Neoplastic as well as surrounding stromal and inflammatory cells engage in well-orchestrated reciprocal interactions to establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. The tumor-associated inflammatory tissue is highly plastic, capable of continuously modifying its phenotypic and functional characteristics. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the development of urological cancers. Here, we review the origins of inflammation in urothelial, prostatic, renal, testicular, and penile cancers, focusing on the mechanisms that drive tumor initiation, growth, progression, and metastasis. We also discuss how tumor-associated inflammatory tissue may be a diagnostic marker of clinically significant tumor progression risk and the target for future anti-cancer therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T04:28:17Z","timestamp":1672806497000},"page":"866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Inflammation in Urological Malignancies: The Silent Killer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1856-2848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Catalano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giandomenico","family":"Roviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Villari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Spatafora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Urological Robotic Surgery and Renal Transplantation, Careggi Teaching Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria Camilla","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Careggi Teaching Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Urological Robotic Surgery and Renal Transplantation, Careggi Teaching Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Lupo","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Mini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2614-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Nesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5746","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.598","article-title":"Polymorphisms in inflammation genes and bladder cancer: From initiation to recurrence, progression, and survival","volume":"23","author":"Leibovici","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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