{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:34:02Z","timestamp":1789788842252,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H06136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H06136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K21251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K21251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K17304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K17304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GSK Japan Research Grant","award":["18H06136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H06136"]}]},{"name":"GSK Japan Research Grant","award":["19K21251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K21251"]}]},{"name":"GSK Japan Research Grant","award":["20K17304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K17304"]}]},{"name":"GSK Japan Research Grant","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An active form of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, LL-37, has immunomodulatory and stimulatory effects, though the specific pathways are not clear. The purpose of this study was to identify the cellular pathways by which LL-37 amplifies the inflammation induced by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). We performed DNA microarray, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and proximity ligation assays using cultured keratinocytes treated with LL-37 and\/or the DAMP poly(I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA. In contrast to the combination of LL-37 and poly(I:C), LL-37 alone induced genes related to biological metabolic processes such as VEGFA and PTGS2 (COX-2). Inhibition of FPR2, a known receptor for cathelicidin, partially suppressed the induction of VEGFA and PTGS2. Importantly, VEGFA and PTGS2 induced by LL-37 alone were diminished by the knockdown of scavenger receptors including SCARB1 (SR-B1), OLR1 (SR-E1), and AGER (SR-J1). Moreover, LL-37 alone, as well as the combination of LL-37 and poly(I:C), showed proximity to the scavenger receptors, indicating that LL-37 acts via scavenger receptors and intermediates between them and poly(I:C). These results showed that the broad function of cathelicidin is generally dependent on scavenger receptors. Therefore, inhibitors of scavenger receptors or non-functional mock cathelicidin peptides may serve as new anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T04:28:17Z","timestamp":1672806497000},"page":"875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin Exerts Immunomodulatory Effects via Scavenger Receptors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Amagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiya","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-2833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Terui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Fujimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenshi","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setsuya","family":"Aiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5560-9778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihide","family":"Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms","volume":"415","author":"Zasloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.23.11035","article-title":"Syndecans, cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, are induced by a proline-rich antimicrobial peptide from wounds","volume":"91","author":"Gallo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. 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