{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:00:09Z","timestamp":1781712009269,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Scholarship"},{"name":"RealCan Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM\/CD166) is a cell\u2013cell adhesion protein conferring heterotypic and homotypic interactions between cells of the same type and different types. It is aberrantly expressed in various cancer types and has been shown to be a regulator of cancer metastasis. In the present study, we investigated potential roles of ALCAM in the peritoneal transcoelomic metastasis in gastrointestinal cancers, a metastatic type commonly occurred in gastro-intestinal and gynaecological malignancies and resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Specifically, we studied whether ALCAM acts as both a \u2018seed\u2019 receptor in these tumour cells and a \u2018soil\u2019 receptor in peritoneal mesothelial cells during cancer metastasis. Gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer tissues with or without peritoneal metastasis were compared for their levels of ALCAM expression. The impact of ALCAM expression in these tumours was also correlated to the patients\u2019 clinical outcomes, namely peritoneal metastasis-free survival. In addition, cancer cells of gastric and pancreatic origins were used to create cell models with decreased or increased levels of ALCAM expression by genetic knocking down or overexpression, respectively. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells were also genetically transfected to generate cell models with different profiles of ALCAM expression. These cell models were used in the tumour-mesothelial interaction assay to assess if and how the interaction was influenced by ALCAM. Both gastric and pancreatic tumour tissues from patients who developed peritoneal metastases had higher levels of ALCAM transcript than those without. Patients who had tumours with high levels of ALCAM had a much shorter peritoneal metastasis free survival compared with those who had low ALCAM expression (p = 0.006). ALCAM knockdown of the mesothelial cell line MET5A rendered the cells with reduced interaction with both gastric cancer cells and pancreatic cancer cells. Likewise, levels of ALCAM in both human gastric and pancreatic cancer cells were also a determining factor for their adhesiveness to mesothelial cells, a process that was likely to be triggered the phosphorylation of the SRC kinase. A soluble ALCAM (sALCAM) was found to be able to inhibit the adhesiveness between cancer cells and mesothelial cells, mechanistically behaving like a SRC kinase inhibitor. ALCAM is an indicator of peritoneal metastasis in both gastric and pancreatic cancer patients. It acts as not only a potential peritoneal \u2018soil\u2019 receptor of tumour seeding but also a \u2018soil\u2019 receptor in peritoneal mesothelial cells during cancer metastasis. These findings have an important therapeutic implication for treating peritoneal transcoelomic metastases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T04:28:17Z","timestamp":1672806497000},"page":"876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM), a Potential \u2018Seed\u2019 and \u2018Soil\u2019 Receptor in the Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastrointestinal Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yi Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Ruge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqian","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"School of Natural and Social Science, University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall, Swindon Road, Cheltenham GL50 4AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyi","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6465-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Q. Ping","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiafu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen G.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02924230","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer. 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