{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:51:43Z","timestamp":1789750303513,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Choroidal neovascularizations are historically associated with exudative macular degeneration, nonetheless, they have been observed in nevus, melanoma, osteoma, and hemangioma involving the choroid and retina. This review aimed to elucidate the possible origins of neovascular membranes by examining in vivo and in vitro models compared to real clinical cases. Among the several potential mechanisms examined, particular attention was paid to histologic alterations and molecular cascades. Physical or biochemical resistance to vascular invasion from the choroid offered by Bruch\u2019s membrane, the role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, resident or recruited stem-like\/progenitor cells, and other angiogenic promoters were taken into account. Even if the exact mechanisms are still partially obscure, experimental models are progressively enhancing our understanding of neovascularization etiology. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) over melanoma, osteoma, and other tumors is not rare and is not contraindicative of malignancy as previously believed. In addition, CNV may represent a late complication of either benign or malignant choroidal tumors, stressing the importance of a long follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T01:48:19Z","timestamp":1672969699000},"page":"1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Choroidal Neovascular Membranes in Retinal and Choroidal Tumors: Origins, Mechanisms, and Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6103-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Di Staso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Connecticut Uveitis Foundation, 1043 Farmington Avenue, West Hartford, CT 06107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Di Pippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"St. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035\/1039, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solmaz","family":"Abdolrahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"St. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035\/1039, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9762-9","article-title":"Cancers of the eye","volume":"37","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.03850010786004","article-title":"Histogenesis of Malignant Melanomas of the Uvea: I. 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