{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:02:44Z","timestamp":1790280164832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-25-00308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-25-00308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During tuberculosis (TB) infection, B-lymphocytes migrate to the lungs and form B-cell follicles (BCFs) in the vicinity of TB granulomata. B-cell-lacking mice display enhanced susceptibility to TB infection, and early B-cell depletion in infected non-human primates alters T-lymphocyte cytokine responses and increases bacterial burdens in the lungs. However, the role of B cells during late TB stages remained unaddressed. Here, we demonstrate that B cells and BCFs persist up to weeks 25\u201345 post-challenge in the lungs of TB-resistant C57BL\/6 (B6) mice. In hyper-susceptible I\/St mice, B-cell content markedly drops between weeks 12\u201316 post-infection, paralleled by diffuse lung tissue inflammation and elevated gene expression levels for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-11, IL-17a, and TNF-\u03b1. To check whether B-cells\/BCFs control TB infection at advanced stages, we specifically depleted B-cells from B6 mice by administrating anti-CD20 mAbs at week 16 post-infection. This resulted in more rapid cachexia, a shortened lifespan of the infected animals, an increase in (i) lung-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, (ii) IL-6 production by F4\/80+ macrophages, (iii) expression levels of genes for neutrophil-attracting factors CXCL1 and IL-17, and tissue-damaging factors MMP8, MMP9, and S100A8. Taken together, our results suggest that lung B cells and BCFs are moderately protective against chronic TB infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T01:36:17Z","timestamp":1673228177000},"page":"1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prolonged B-Lymphocyte-Mediated Immune and Inflammatory Responses to Tuberculosis Infection in the Lungs of TB-Resistant Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1535-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Linge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow 107564, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Kondratieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow 107564, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Apt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow 107564, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 19). 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