{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T04:03:10Z","timestamp":1793592190541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government contract of the Institute of Immunology and Physiology","award":["122020900136-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122020900136-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, there is rationale for separating the systemic manifestations of classical inflammation from systemic inflammation (SI) itself as an independent form of the general pathological process underlying the pathogenesis of the most severe acute and chronic diseases. With this aim in view, we used integral scales of acute and chronic SI (ChSI), including the following blood plasma parameters: interleukins 6, 8, 10; tumor necrosis factor alpha; C-reactive protein; D-dimer; cortisol; troponin I; myoglobin. The presence of multiple organ dysfunction according to the SOFA score was also taken into account. The effectiveness of the scales was tested in groups of intensive care patients during different periods of acute trauma, sepsis, and septic shock. The ChSI scale was applicable under systemic autoimmune diseases, chronic purulent infections, chronic limb threatening ischemia, and end-stage renal disease of various genesis. The number of examined patients was 764 in total. The scales allowed us to verify specific phases of acute SI and identify pathogenetic risk factors of lethal outcomes, as well as the most severe variants of the chronic pathologies course. These scales are open adaptable systems (in terms of the nomenclature and choice of indicators). They are primarily intended for scientific research. However, the SI verification methodology presented in this paper may be useful for developing advanced criteria for assessing both the typical links in the pathogenesis of many diseases and the severity of the overall condition of patients for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T01:36:17Z","timestamp":1673228177000},"page":"1144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Acute and Chronic Systemic Inflammation: Features and Differences in the Pathogenesis, and Integral Criteria for Verification and Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya","family":"Zotova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3266-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia","family":"Zhuravleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriy","family":"Chereshnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenii","family":"Gusev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusev, E., and Zhuravleva, Y. 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