{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:22:42Z","timestamp":1778948562653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"Specific League Funds from Mahidol University Fiscal year 2022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N42A650248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A650248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"Specific League Funds from Mahidol University Fiscal year 2022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mahidol University","award":["N42A650248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A650248"]}]},{"name":"Mahidol University","award":["APC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryo-induced hydrogel from cellulose is a new class of biomaterials for drug delivery, cell delivery, bone and skin tissue engineering for cell proliferation and regeneration applications. This research aimed to synthesize cryo-induced hydrogel from cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) produced from empty bunch\u2019s cell wall of Elaeis guineensis. First, the experiment was to produce cellulose-rich material using hot-compressed water extraction followed by alkaline delignification and bleaching with H2O2. The obtained bleached EFB cellulose was used as the substrate for CMC, and the optimal condition with the highest degree of carboxyl substitution (DS) of 0.75 was achieved when varying NaOH and monochloroacetic acid concentration as well as etherification temperature using fractional factorial design. For cryogelation study, hydrogels were synthesized from cellulose, CMC and beta-cyclodextrin (\u03b2-CD) by dissolving cellulose-based matrix in a NaOH\/urea system, and the cellulose (CEL) solution was frozen spontaneously at \u221240 \u00b0C followed by high speed mixing to loosen cellulose fibrils. Epichlorohydrin (ECH) and Polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) were used as a cross-linker. First, the ratio of cellulose and CMC with different amounts of ECH was investigated, and subsequently the proper ratio was further studied by adding different crosslinkers and matrices, i.e., CMC and \u03b2-CD. From the result, the ECH crosslinked CMC-CEL (E-CMC-CEL) gel had the highest swelling properties of 5105% with the average pore size of lyophilized hydrogel of 300 \u00b5m. In addition, E-CMC-CEL gel had the highest loading and release capability of tetracycline in buffer solution at pH 7.4 and 3.2. At pH 7.4, tetracycline loading and release properties of E-CMC-CEL gel were 65.85 mg g\u22121 dry hydrogel and 46.48 mg g\u22121 dry hydrogel (70.6% cumulative release), respectively. However, at pH 3.2, the loading and release capabilities of Tetracycline were moderately lower at 16.25 mg g\u22121 dry hydrogel and 5.06 mg g\u22121 dry hydrogel, respectively. The findings presented that E-CMC-CEL hydrogel was a suitable material for antibiotic tetracycline drug carrying platform providing successful inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T02:09:39Z","timestamp":1673230179000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cryo-Induced Cellulose-Based Nanogel from Elaeis guineensis for Antibiotic Delivery Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tasnim","family":"Hajidariyor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nutchanon","family":"Nuntawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panadda","family":"Somsaen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raninnart","family":"Prukdamrongchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harit","family":"Cherdchoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pattaraporn","family":"Posoknistakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9502-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pongtanawat","family":"Khemthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanwitoo","family":"Wanmolee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, 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