{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:44:23Z","timestamp":1781732663817,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20221368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA202021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA205423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA205423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["319433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20221368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA202021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA205423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA205423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["319433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20221368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA202021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA205423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA205423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["319433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) presents high mortality due to brain damage and inflammation events. The formation and deposition of immune complexes (ICs) in the brain microvasculature during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are crucial for its pathobiology. The relevance of ICs to Mtb antigens in the pathogenesis of CNS-TB has been poorly explored. Here, we aimed to establish a murine experimental model of ICs-mediated brain vasculitis induced by cell wall antigens of Mtb. We administered a cell wall extract of the prototype pathogenic Mtb strain H37Rv to male BALB\/c mice by subcutaneous and intravenous routes. Serum concentration and deposition of ICs onto blood vessels were determined by polyethylene glycol precipitation, ELISA, and immunofluorescence. Histopathological changes in the brain, lung, spleen, liver, and kidney were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Our results evidenced that vasculitis developed in the studied tissues. High serum levels of ICs and vascular deposition were evident in the brain, lung, and kidneys early after the last cell wall antigen administration. Cell wall Mtb antigens induce strong type III hypersensitivity reactions and the development of systemic vasculitis with brain vascular changes and meningitis, supporting a role for ICs in the pathogenesis of TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T02:09:39Z","timestamp":1673230179000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Antigens Induce the Formation of Immune Complexes and the Development of Vasculitis in an Experimental Murine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaubert Alexis","family":"P\u00e9rez-Noriega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Red MEDICI, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Citlaltepetl","family":"Salinas-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Red MEDICI, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Patog\u00e9nesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Garibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jiram","family":"Torres-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda y Reumatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Maravillas-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Casta\u00f1\u00f3n-Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Sciences Program, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Mexico City 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Medicina, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Postgrado, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, M\u00e9xico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Balderas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Victoria","family":"Basurto-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Red MEDICI, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Pe\u00f1afiel-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Red MEDICI, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paola","family":"Espinosa-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Red MEDICI, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Chore\u00f1o-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Lilia","family":"Tena-Suck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda \u201cManuel Velasco Suarez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5013-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis O.","family":"Soto-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red MEDICI, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Patog\u00e9nesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa Y.","family":"Le\u00f3n-Marroqu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica M\u00e9dica, Hospital De Oncolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto M\u00e9xicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0140-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pablo","family":"Romero-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red MEDICI, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Patog\u00e9nesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Castillejos-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiolog\u00eda Hospitalaria e Infectolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190109","article-title":"Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings","volume":"39","author":"Renjifo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00065","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dissemination Plays a Critical Role in Pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Moule","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz006","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of host cells in space and time","volume":"43","author":"Bussi","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.08.008","article-title":"Mortality associated with central nervous system tuberculosis","volume":"55","author":"Teeter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00042-07","article-title":"Central nervous system tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and clinical aspects","volume":"21","author":"Rock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-018-0726-9","article-title":"Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations and Neuroradiological Features","volume":"29","author":"Schaller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.12.015","article-title":"Stroke in tuberculous meningitis","volume":"303","author":"Misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1687915","article-title":"Infectious Etiologies of Stroke","volume":"39","author":"Shulman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_107_20","article-title":"Identification of predictors of cerebrovascular infarcts in patients with tuberculous meningitis","volume":"9","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"851","article-title":"Infections and stroke","volume":"93","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(80)80215-5","article-title":"Necrotizing vasculitis","volume":"3","author":"Sams","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"73","article-title":"Septic vasculitis and vasculopathy in some infectious emergencies: The perspective of the histopathologist","volume":"150","author":"Tomasini","year":"2015","journal-title":"G. Ital. Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"244","article-title":"Erythema induratum: A clinicopathologic and polymerase chain reaction study","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200702000-00010","article-title":"A case of henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"333","author":"Kitamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-34","article-title":"Annular leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with anti-tuberculosis medications: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Chanprapaph","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2017.80.2.210","article-title":"Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis with Gastrointestinal Involvement after Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment","volume":"80","author":"Shim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"OD03-5","article-title":"Immunologic Cerebral Vasculitis and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: An Uncommon Association","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"35","article-title":"Further investigations on the association of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Eales\u2019 disease","volume":"50","author":"Madhavan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.11.007","article-title":"Immune complex-mediated tissue injury: A multistep paradigm","volume":"26","author":"Jancar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.36.8.610","article-title":"Circulating immune complexes in tuberculosis","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"317","article-title":"Significance of circulating immune complexes in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"58","author":"Samuel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00437-12","article-title":"Immune complexes isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis modulate the activation and function of normal granulocytes","volume":"19","author":"Senbagavalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.889862","article-title":"Research on the occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in the circulating immune complexes, isolated from serum of patients with tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"Przybylski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(96)90032-5","article-title":"Significance of mycobacterial immune complexes (IgG) in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis","volume":"77","author":"Patil","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"26","article-title":"Correlation between the kinetics of Th1, Th2 cells and pathology in a murine model of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"Orozcoe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"781","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus\u2014A review","volume":"60","author":"Barbulescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286418785071","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418785071","article-title":"Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Beuker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2017.06.001","article-title":"Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System","volume":"43","author":"Mandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00236-2","article-title":"Antibody directed against mannan of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope provokes blood-brain barrier breakdown","volume":"103","author":"Namer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maker, J.H., Stroup, C.M., Huang, V., and James, S.F. (2019). Antibiotic Hypersensitivity Mechanisms. Pharmacy, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy7030122"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP71310","article-title":"Crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with miliary tuberculosis","volume":"71","author":"Wen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2010.2.1.55","article-title":"Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis due to anti-tuberculosis medications, rifampin and pyrazinamide","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmt048","article-title":"Antituberculosis therapy-associated cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis","volume":"59","author":"Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2004.08.010","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by detection of free and immune complex-bound anti-30 kDa antibodies","volume":"50","author":"Raja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"629","article-title":"Protective effect of antigen excess immune complex in guinea pigs infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"146","author":"Ebenezer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.209569","article-title":"Levels of circulating immune complexes containing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-specific antigens in pulmonary tuberculosis and sarcoidosis patients","volume":"35","author":"Goyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1054\/tuld.1999.0230","article-title":"Kinetics of circulating antibodies, immune complex and specific antibody-secreting cells in tuberculosis patients during 6 months of antimicrobial therapy","volume":"80","author":"Sousa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00226","article-title":"Thinking Outside the Box: Innate- and B Cell-Memory Responses as Novel Protective Mechanisms Against Tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Weinstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3804","article-title":"Dynamics of B cells in germinal centres","volume":"15","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9301-0","article-title":"Defective solubilization of immune complexes and activation of the complement system in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"29","author":"Senbagavalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002665","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002665","article-title":"Autoantibody prevalence in active tuberculosis: Reactive or pathognomonic?","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"255","article-title":"Monoclonal anti-tuberculosis antibodies react with DNA, and monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibodies react with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Shoenfeld","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.06.003","article-title":"Clinical value of specific detection of immune complex-bound antibodies in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Raja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.2.1005-1013.1990","article-title":"Peptidoglycan-associated polypeptides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"172","author":"Hirschfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.188","article-title":"Isolation of Circulating Immune Complexes from TB Patient Serum for Serodiagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bio-Protocol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/2\/1242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:29Z","timestamp":1760119409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/2\/1242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24021242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24021242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]}}}