{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T20:14:33Z","timestamp":1773173673436,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese National Science Foundation","award":["32273002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273002"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Science Foundation","award":["31800121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800121"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Science Foundation","award":["BE2022348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022348"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Science Foundation","award":["JSIC202130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSIC202130"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Science Foundation","award":["PAPD202015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD202015"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["32273002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273002"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["31800121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800121"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["BE2022348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022348"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["JSIC202130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSIC202130"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["PAPD202015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD202015"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory","award":["32273002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273002"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory","award":["31800121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800121"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory","award":["BE2022348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022348"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory","award":["JSIC202130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSIC202130"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory","award":["PAPD202015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD202015"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["32273002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273002"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["31800121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800121"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["BE2022348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022348"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["JSIC202130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSIC202130"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["PAPD202015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD202015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing evidence indicating that the production of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) enhances bacterial adherence within in vitro and in vivo models. However, which subunit plays the main role, and the precise regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. To further elucidate the contribution of the A subunit of LT (LTA) and the B subunit of LT (LTB) in LT-enhanced bacterial adherence, we generated several LT mutants where their ADP-ribosylation activity or GM1 binding ability was impaired and evaluated their abilities to enhance the two LT-deficient E. coli strains (1836-2 and EcNc) adherence. Our results showed that the two LT-deficient strains, expressing either the native LT or LT derivatives, had a significantly greater number of adhesions to host cells than the parent strains. The adherence abilities of strains expressing the LT mutants were significantly reduced compared with the strains expressing the native LT. Moreover, E. coli 1836-2 and EcNc strains when exogenously supplied with cyclic AMP (cAMP) highly up-regulated the adhesion molecules expression and improved their adherence abilities. Ganglioside GM1, the receptor for LTB subunit, is enriched in lipid rafts. The results showed that deletion of cholesterol from cells also significantly decreased the ability of LT to enhance bacterial adherence. Overall, our data indicated that both subunits are equally responsible for LT-enhanced bacterial adherence, the LTA subunit contributes to this process mainly by increasing bacterial adhesion molecules expression, while LTB subunit mainly by mediating the initial interaction with the GM1 receptors of host cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T02:09:39Z","timestamp":1673230179000},"page":"1245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Both LTA and LTB Subunits Are Equally Important to Heat-Labile Enterotoxin (LT)-Enhanced Bacterial Adherence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiangde","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses\/Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengmei","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses\/Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses\/Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linfen","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses\/Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses\/Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses\/Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDDD (2017). 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