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The sheep appears as a good preclinical model since it presents nerves with similar characteristics to humans. In this study, we induced 5 or 7 cm resection in the peroneal nerve and repaired with an autograft. Functional evaluation was performed monthly. Electromyographic and ultrasound tests were performed at 6.5 and 9 months postoperation (mpo). No significant differences were found between groups with respect to functional tests, although slow improvements were seen from 5 mpo. Electrophysiological tests showed compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) of small amplitude at 6.5 mpo that increased at 9 mpo, although they were significantly lower than the contralateral side. Ultrasound tests showed significantly reduced size of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle at 6.5 mpo and partially recovered size at 9 mpo. Histological evaluation of the grafts showed good axonal regeneration in all except one sheep from autograft 7 cm (AG7) group, while distal to the graft there was a higher number of axons than in control nerves. The results indicate that sheep nerve repair is a useful model for investigating long-gap peripheral nerve injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1673400792000},"page":"1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Repair of Long Peripheral Nerve Defects in Sheep: A Translational Model for Nerve Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Integral Service for Laboratory Animals (SIAL), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Traserra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Integral Service for Laboratory Animals (SIAL), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2966-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bol\u00edvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edm","family":"For\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Hand and Peripheral Nerve Unit, Hospital Cl\u00ednic i Provincial, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4536-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Jose-Cunilleras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Delgado-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1954-8562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Udina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9849-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.06.005","article-title":"Neural Plasticity after Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration","volume":"82","author":"Navarro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. 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