{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:58:52Z","timestamp":1772524732175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center, Poland","award":["2017\/27\/B\/NZ4\/00917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/27\/B\/NZ4\/00917"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous botanical drugs containing coumarins and terpenes are used in ethnomedicine all over the world for their various therapeutic properties, especially those affecting the CNS system. The treatment of epilepsy is based on antiseizure medications (ASMs), although novel strategies using naturally occurring substances with confirmed antiseizure properties are being developed nowadays. The aim of this study was to determine the anticonvulsant profiles of scoparone (a simple coumarin) and borneol (a bicyclic monoterpenoid) when administered separately and in combination, as well as their impact on the antiseizure effects of four classic ASMs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproate) in the mouse model of maximal electroshock-induced (MES) tonic-clonic seizures. MES-induced seizures were evoked in mice receiving the respective doses of the tested natural compounds and classic ASMs (when applied alone or in combinations). Interactions for two-drug and three-drug mixtures were assessed by means of isobolographic transformation of data. Polygonograms were used to illustrate the types of interactions occurring among drugs. The total brain content of ASMs was measured in mice receiving the respective drug treatments with fluorescent polarization immunoassay. Scoparone and borneol, when administered alone, exerted anticonvulsant properties in the mouse MES model. The two-drug mixtures of scoparone with valproate, borneol with phenobarbital and borneol with valproate produced synergistic interactions in the mouse MES model, while the remaining tested two-drug mixtures produced additivity. The three-drug mixtures of scoparone + borneol with valproate and phenobarbital produced synergistic interactions in the mouse MES model. Verification of total brain concentrations of valproate and phenobarbital revealed that borneol elevated the total brain concentrations of both ASMs, while scoparone did not affect the brain content of these ASMs in mice. The synergistic interaction of scoparone with valproate observed in the mouse MES model is pharmacodynamic in nature. Borneol elevated the brain concentrations of the tested ASMs, contributing to the pharmacokinetic nature of the observed synergistic interactions with valproate and phenobarbital in the mouse MES model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T02:06:03Z","timestamp":1673402763000},"page":"1395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antiseizure Effects of Scoparone, Borneol and Their Impact on the Anticonvulsant Potency of Four Classic Antiseizure Medications in the Mouse MES Model\u2014An Isobolographic Transformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarogniew J.","family":"\u0141uszczki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Bojar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Food Safety, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7075-1051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"G\u00f3ralczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9313-5929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"Skalicka-Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00686-5","article-title":"Medicinal Plants Utilized in the Management of Epilepsy in Ethiopia: Ethnobotany, Pharmacology and Phytochemistry","volume":"17","author":"Birhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. 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