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Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, but it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed. This hormone performs numerous actions in the brain, mainly related to the control of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and central leptin resistance is related to some neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases. In peripheral tissues, leptin is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, as well as of bone density and muscle mass. All these actions can be affected by changes in leptin levels and the mechanisms associated with resistance to this hormone. This review will present recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of leptin action and their underlying roles in pathological situations, which may be of interest for revealing new approaches for the treatment of diseases where the actions of this adipokine might be compromised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T04:45:58Z","timestamp":1673412358000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Recent Advances in the Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Leptin Physiology and Actions in Neurological and Metabolic Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Casado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2831-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Collado-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5927-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Frago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624777","article-title":"Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene","volume":"269","author":"Halaas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118891","article-title":"Identification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus","volume":"98","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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