{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:17:43Z","timestamp":1791656263230,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Opioid drugs have analgesic properties used to treat chronic and post-surgical pain due to descending pain modulation. The use of opioids is often associated with adverse effects or clinical issues. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of opioids by exposing the neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) to 0, 1, 10, and 100 \u00b5M oxycodone and naloxone for 24 h. Analyses were carried out to evaluate cell cytotoxicity, identification of cell death, DNA damage, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, in addition to molecular docking. Oxycodone and naloxone exposure did not alter the SH-SY5Y cell viability. The exposure to 100 \u00b5M oxycodone and naloxone significantly increased the cells\u2019 DNA damage score compared to the control group. Naloxone exposure significantly inhibited AChE, GST, and SOD activities, while oxycodone did not alter these enzymes\u2019 activities. Molecular docking showed that naloxone and oxycodone interact with different amino acids in the studied enzymes, which may explain the differences in enzymatic inhibition. Naloxone altered the antioxidant defenses of SH-SY5Y cells, which may have caused DNA damage 24 h after the exposure. On the other hand, more studies are necessary to explain how oxycodone causes DNA damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T01:32:26Z","timestamp":1673487146000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Neurotoxic Effects of Oxycodone and Naloxone in SH-SY5Y Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lu\u00edza Siqueira","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayara de Souza","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0032-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eduarda Andrade","family":"Galiciolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6989-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meire Ellen","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0163-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Margarete Cestari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9133-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Andrei","family":"Nogara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Farroupilha (IFFAR), Campus Santo Augusto, Santo Augusto 95174-279, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Irioda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Sirlene","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/S133","article-title":"Opioid pharmacology","volume":"11","author":"Trescot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1017\/S0922156514000399","article-title":"China\u2019s Approaches to International Law since the Opium War","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leiden J. 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