{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:49:50Z","timestamp":1791614990949,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University"},{"name":"Henriette Herz Scouting Programme of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a well-known neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), but also plays a significant role in peripheral tissues. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that serotonin influences immune cell responses and contributes to the development of pathological injury in cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, as well as other diseases which occur as a result of immune hyperactivity. In particular, high levels of serotonin are able to activate a multitude of 5-HT receptors found on the surface of immune cells, thereby influencing the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation in arteries. In this review, we will discuss the differences between serotonin production in the CNS and the periphery, and will give a brief outline of the function of serotonin in the periphery. In this context, we will particularly focus on the effects of serotonin on immune cells related to atherosclerosis and identify caveats that are important for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:05:52Z","timestamp":1673575552000},"page":"1549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Exploring the Role of Serotonin as an Immune Modulatory Component in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4749-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aqeela","family":"Imamdin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5771-6278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiel P. C.","family":"van der Vorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00344-9","article-title":"Evidence that serotonin affects female sexual functioning via peripheral mechanisms","volume":"71","author":"Frohlich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. 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