{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:31:03Z","timestamp":1782509463278,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"framework of state assignment V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University for 2021 and the planning period of 2022\u20132023","award":["FZEG-2021\u20130009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZEG-2021\u20130009"]}]},{"name":"framework of state assignment V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University for 2021 and the planning period of 2022\u20132023","award":["121102900145-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121102900145-0"]}]},{"name":"Development of oligonucleotide constructs for making selective and highly effective preparations for medicine and agriculture","award":["FZEG-2021\u20130009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZEG-2021\u20130009"]}]},{"name":"Development of oligonucleotide constructs for making selective and highly effective preparations for medicine and agriculture","award":["121102900145-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121102900145-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has demonstrated the need to create highly effective antivirals and vaccines against various RNA viruses, including SARS coronaviruses. This paper provides a short review of innovative strategies in the development of antivirals and vaccines against SARS coronaviruses, with a focus on antisense antivirals, oligonucleotide adjuvants in vaccines, and oligonucleotide vaccines. Well-developed viral genomic databases create new opportunities for the development of innovative vaccines and antivirals using a post-genomic platform. The most effective vaccines against SARS coronaviruses are those able to form highly effective memory cells for both humoral and cellular immunity. The most effective antivirals need to efficiently stop viral replication without side effects. Oligonucleotide antivirals and vaccines can resist the rapidly changing genomic sequences of SARS coronaviruses using conserved regions of their genomes to generate a long-term immune response. Oligonucleotides have been used as excellent adjuvants for decades, and increasing data show that oligonucleotides could serve as antisense antivirals and antigens in vaccine formulations, becoming a prospective tool for immune system tuning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:05:52Z","timestamp":1673575552000},"page":"1553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["DNA Oligonucleotides as Antivirals and Vaccine Constituents against SARS Coronaviruses: A Prospective Tool for Immune System Tuning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volodymyr V.","family":"Oberemok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Crimea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana A.","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Crimea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edie E.","family":"Alieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Crimea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.1.280","article-title":"Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide","volume":"75","author":"Zamecnik","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.7079-7088.2004","article-title":"Antisense-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by use of an HIV type 1-based vector results in severely attenuated mutants incapable of developing resistance","volume":"78","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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