{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:16:16Z","timestamp":1792199776613,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is a chronic and insidious auto-immune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands. The patients typically present with ocular surface diseases related to dry eye and other systemic manifestations. However, due to the high prevalence of dry eye disease and the lack of objective and clinically reliable diagnostic tools, discriminating Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome dry eye (SSDE) from non-Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome dry eye (NSSDE) remains a challenge for clinicians. Diagnosing SS is important to improve the quality of life of patients through timely referral for systemic workups, as SS is associated with serious systemic complications such as lymphoma and other autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this article is to describe the current molecular understanding of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and its implications for novel diagnostic modalities on the horizon. A literature review of the pre-clinical and clinical studies published between 2016 and 2022 was conducted. The SSDE pathophysiology and immunology pathways have become better understood in recent years. Novel diagnostic modalities, such as tear and saliva proteomics as well as exosomal biomarkers, provide hope on the horizon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:57:33Z","timestamp":1673578653000},"page":"1580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["An Overview of the Dry Eye Disease in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome Using Our Current Molecular Understanding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1662-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2756-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Kulbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Tanasescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bich H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Sainte Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5594-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon D.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"One Year in Review 2020: Pathogenesis of Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Bombardieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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