{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:30:05Z","timestamp":1792161005218,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISCIII\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS (Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria\u2014Spanish HealthResearch Fund)","award":["PI21\/00896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00896"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII\u2013Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS (Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria\u2014Spanish HealthResearch Fund)","award":["FI19\/00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00067"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional)","award":["PI21\/00896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00896"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional)","award":["FI19\/00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00067"]}]},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), a Carlos III Institute of Health Initiative","award":["PI21\/00896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00896"]}]},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), a Carlos III Institute of Health Initiative","award":["FI19\/00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that causes breathing difficulties, episodes of cough and wheezing, and in more severe cases can greatly diminish quality of life. Epigenetic regulation, including post-transcriptional mediation of microRNAs (miRNAs), is one of the mechanisms behind the development of the range of asthma phenotypes and endotypes. As in every other immune-mediated disease, miRNAs regulate the behavior of cells that shape the airway structure as well as those in charge of the defense mechanisms in the bronchi and lungs, controlling cell survival, growth, proliferation, and the ability of cells to synthesize and secrete chemokines and immune mediators. More importantly, miRNAs are molecules with chemical and biological properties that make them appropriate biomarkers for disease, enabling stratification of patients for optimal drug selection and thereby simplifying clinical management and reducing both the economic burden and need for critical care associated with the disease. In this review, we summarize the roles of miRNAs in asthma and describe how they regulate the mechanisms of the disease. We further describe the current state of miRNAs as biomarkers for asthma phenotyping, endotyping, and treatment selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:04:45Z","timestamp":1673834685000},"page":"1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Advances and Highlights of miRNAs in Asthma: Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2075-7874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gil-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Lorente-Sorolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Naharro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3873-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Rodrigo-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6228-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"del Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3049","article-title":"The immunology of asthma","volume":"16","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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