{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:45:01Z","timestamp":1791996301181,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial disease with a critical impact worldwide. During prediabetes, the presence of various inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress will lead to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia will lead to micro- and macrovascular complications (cardiovascular disease, heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and atherosclerosis). The development through the years of pharmacological options allowed us to reduce the persistence of chronic hyperglycemia and reduce diabetic complications. This review aims to highlight the specific mechanisms with which the new treatments for type 2 diabetes reduce oxidative stress and insulin resistance and improve cardiovascular outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:04:45Z","timestamp":1673834685000},"page":"1646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Recent Pharmacological Options in Type 2 Diabetes and Synergic Mechanism in Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Andreadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-7561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"Muscoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rojin","family":"Tajmir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Muscoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mollace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Della Morte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine\u2014Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. 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