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BD occurs across all populations, but young and sports-related people are especially vulnerable. However, the short- and long-term effects of episodic BD on skeletal muscle function have been poorly explored. Young rats were randomized into two groups: control and episodic Binge-Like ethanol protocol (BEP) (ethanol 3 g\/kg IP, 4 episodes of 2-days ON-2-days OFF paradigm). Muscle function was evaluated two weeks after the last BEP episode. We found that rats exposed to BEP presented decreased muscle strength and increased fatigability, compared with control animals. Furthermore, we observed that skeletal muscle from rats exposed to BEP presented muscle atrophy, evidenced by reduced fiber size and increased expression of atrophic genes. We also observed that BEP induced fibrotic and inflammation markers, accompanied by mislocalization of nNOS\u00b5 and high levels of protein nitration. Our findings suggest that episodic binge-like ethanol exposure alters contractile capacity and increases fatigue by mechanisms involving atrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation, which remain for at least two weeks after ethanol clearance. These pathological features are common to several neuromuscular diseases and might affect muscle performance and health in the long term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:04:45Z","timestamp":1673834685000},"page":"1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Episodic Binge-like Ethanol Reduces Skeletal Muscle Strength Associated with Atrophy, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in Young Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Constanza","family":"C\u00e1ceres-Ayala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Funci\u00f3n y Patolog\u00eda Neuronal, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo G.","family":"Mira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Funci\u00f3n y Patolog\u00eda Neuronal, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile"},{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Brandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Santiago 7510157, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneraci\u00f3n (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7344-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldo","family":"Cerpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Funci\u00f3n y Patolog\u00eda Neuronal, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneraci\u00f3n (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6240-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela L.","family":"Rebolledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneraci\u00f3n (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-032519-051827","article-title":"Alcohol and Human Health: What Is the Evidence?","volume":"11","author":"Hendriks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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