{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:23:45Z","timestamp":1790472225699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Universit\u00e4t Rostock\/Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Rostock\u2013","award":["512855535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512855535"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Parkinson\u2019s disease, hypercholinism in the striatum occurs, with the consequence of disturbed motor functions. Direct application of Botulinum neurotoxin-A in the striatum of hemi-Parkinsonian rats might be a promising anticholinergic therapeutic option. Here, we aimed to determine the spread of intrastriatally injected BoNT-A in the brain as well as the duration of its action based on the distribution of cleaved SNAP-25. Rats were injected with 1 ng of BoNT-A into the right striatum and the brains were examined at different times up to one year after treatment. In brain sections immunohistochemically stained for BoNT-A, cleaved SNAP-25 area-specific densitometric analyses were performed. Increased immunoreactivity for cleaved SNAP-25 was found in brain regions other than the unilaterally injected striatum. Most cleaved SNAP-25-ir was found in widespread areas ipsilateral to the BoNT-A injection, in some regions, however, immunoreactivity was also measured in the contralateral hemisphere. There was a linear relationship between the distance of a special area from the injected striatum and the time until its maximum averaged immunoreactivity was reached. Moreover, we observed a positive relationship for the area-specific distance from the injected striatum and its maximum immunoreactivity as well as for the connection density with the striatum and its maximum immunoreactivity. The results speak for a bidirectional axonal transport of BoNT-A after its application into the striatum to its widespread connected parts of the brain. Even one year after BoNT-A injection, cleaved SNAP-25 could still be detected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:29:55Z","timestamp":1673836195000},"page":"1685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Distribution of Cleaved SNAP-25 in the Rat Brain, following Unilateral Injection of Botulinum Neurotoxin-A into the Striatum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Friederike","family":"Sch\u00fcmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2234-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Hawlitschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","article-title":"Parkinson Disease","volume":"27","author":"Balestrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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