{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:19Z","timestamp":1787028499697,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-052-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-052-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-02"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-02"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["109TMU-SHH-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109TMU-SHH-20"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-052-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-052-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Taiwan","award":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Taiwan","award":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-02"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Taiwan","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Taiwan","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-02"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Taiwan","award":["109TMU-SHH-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109TMU-SHH-20"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-052-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-038-052-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-109-21121-01-O-02-02"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-02-02"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["109TMU-SHH-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109TMU-SHH-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The causes of implantation failure remain a black box in reproductive medicine. The exact mechanism behind the regulation of endometrial receptivity is still unknown. Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression patterns and may alter the receptivity of human endometrium. Cervical secretions contain endometrial genetic material, which can be used as an indicator of the endometrial condition. This study evaluates the association between the cervical secretion gene methylation profile and pregnancy outcome in a frozen-thawed embryonic transfer (FET) cycle. Cervical secretions were collected from women who entered the FET cycle with a blastocyst transfer (36 pregnant and 36 non-pregnant women). The DNA methylation profiles of six candidate genes selected from the literature review were measured by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP). Bioinformatic analysis of six selected candidate genes showed significant differences in DNA methylation between receptive and pre-receptive endometrium. All candidate genes showed different degrees of correlation with the pregnancy outcomes in the logistic regression model. A machine learning approach showed that the combination of candidate genes\u2019 DNA methylation profiles could differentiate pregnant from non-pregnant samples with an accuracy as high as 86.67% and an AUC of 0.81. This study demonstrated the association between cervical secretion methylation profiles and pregnancy outcomes in an FET cycle and provides a basis for potential clinical application as a non-invasive method for implantation prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:29:55Z","timestamp":1673836195000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cervical Secretion Methylation Is Associated with the Pregnancy Outcome of Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Xuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11030, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taipei Fertility Center, Taipei 11030, Taiwan"},{"name":"Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Hsuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7586-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Q.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong 04254, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chii-Ruei","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Fertility Center, Taipei 11030, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Fertility Center, Taipei 11030, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4483-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Huang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11303, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11030, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4870-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chun","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23504, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Cheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11030, 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