{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:27:38Z","timestamp":1789619258071,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD 109-51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD 109-51"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tortoiseshell and deer antler gelatin has been used to treat bone diseases in Chinese society. A pepsin-digested gelatin peptide with osteoblast-proliferation-stimulating properties was identified via LC-MS\/MS. The resulting pentapeptide, TSKYR, was presumably subjected to further degradation into TSKY, TSK, and YR fragments in the small intestine. The above four peptides were chemically synthesized. Treatment of tripeptide TSK can lead to a significant 30- and 50-fold increase in the mineralized nodule area and density in osteoblast cells and a 47.5% increase in the number of chondrocyte cells. The calcium content in tortoiseshell was relatively higher than in human soft tissue. The synergistic effects of calcium ions and the peptides were observed for changes in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, these peptides can enhance the expression of RUNX2, OCN, FGFR2, and FRFR3 genes in osteoblasts, and aggrecan and collagen type II in chondrocyte (patent pending).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:40:34Z","timestamp":1673840434000},"page":"1759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Bioactive Peptides in Human Bone Cells from Tortoiseshell and Deer Antler Gelatin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tsung-Jung","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Hsing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinn Zong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Ru","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao-Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cantalapiedra, A., Mu\u00f1oz, F., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Permuy, M., and L\u00f3pez-Pe\u00f1a, M. 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