{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:43:11Z","timestamp":1788370991994,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the projects of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["20200504006YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200504006YY"]}]},{"name":"the projects of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["20220204025YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220204025YY"]}]},{"name":"the projects of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["20200504006YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200504006YY"]}]},{"name":"the projects of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["20220204025YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220204025YY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke, one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide, is a severe neurological disease that threatens human life. Protopanaxatriol (PPT), panaxatriol-type saponin aglycone, is a rare saponin that exists in Panax ginseng and Panax Noto-ginseng. In this study, we established an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-PC12 cell model and middle cerebral artery occlusion\/reperfusion (MCAO\/R) model to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of PPT in vitro and in vivo. In addition, metabolomics analysis was performed on rat plasma and brain tissue samples to find relevant biomarkers and metabolic pathways. The results showed that PPT could significantly regulate the levels of LDH, MDA, SOD, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 factors in OGD-PC12 cells in vitro. PPT can reduce the neurological deficit score and infarct volume of brain tissue in rats, restore the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, reduce pathological damage, and regulate TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, MDA, and SOD factors. In addition, the results of metabolomics found that PPT can regulate 19 biomarkers involving five metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Thus, it could be inferred that PPT might serve as a novel natural agent for MCAO\/R treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T02:10:32Z","timestamp":1673921432000},"page":"1789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects and Metabolomics Study of Protopanaxatriol (PPT) on Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fulin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juntong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0694-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuizhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4020-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001706","article-title":"Neurovascular protection of salvianolic acid B and ginsenoside Rg1 combination against acute ischemic stroke in rats","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.526814","article-title":"MR and CT monitoring of recanalization, reperfusion, and penumbra salvage: Everything that recanalizes does not necessarily reperfuse!","volume":"40","author":"Soares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12434","article-title":"Revisiting cerebral postischemic reperfusion injury: New insights in understanding reperfusion failure, hemorrhage, and edema","volume":"10","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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