{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:25:35Z","timestamp":1780536335002,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science (Poland)","award":["SKN\/SP\/496681\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKN\/SP\/496681\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation due to recurring airway collapse during sleep. It is highly prevalent in modern societies, and due to its pleiotropic influence on the organism and numerous sequelae, it burdens patients and physicians. Neurotrophins (NTs), proteins that modulate the functioning and development of the central nervous system, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been associated with OSA, primarily due to their probable involvement in offsetting the decline in cognitive functions which accompanies OSA. However, NTs influence multiple aspects of biological functioning, such as immunity. Thus, extensive evaluation of their role in OSA might enlighten the mechanism behind some of its elusive features, such as the increased risk of developing an immune-mediated disease or the association of OSA with cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we examine the interactions between NTs and OSA and discuss their contribution to OSA pathophysiology, complications, as well as comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T02:10:32Z","timestamp":1673921432000},"page":"1808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Neurotrophins in the Neuropathophysiology, Course, and Complications of Obstructive Sleep Apnea\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4430-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Gabryelska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6399-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Turkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ditmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2122-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Sochal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-207316","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into lipid-bound nerve growth factors","volume":"26","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22688","article-title":"Mutations in NTRK3 suggest a novel signaling pathway in human congenital heart disease","volume":"35","author":"Werner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2022.102226","article-title":"Neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4: The unsung heroes that lies behind the meninges","volume":"92","author":"Omar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1336","article-title":"A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay","volume":"7","author":"Yeo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2022.07.003","article-title":"Neurotrophin-targeted therapeutics: A gateway to cognition and more?","volume":"10","author":"Nordvall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01374.x","article-title":"Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"15","author":"Doyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.677","article-title":"Neurotrophins: Roles in neuronal development and function","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00037-2","article-title":"Neural stem cells constitutively secrete neurotrophic factors and promote extensive host axonal growth after spinal cord injury","volume":"181","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.169598","article-title":"Understanding neurogenesis in the adult human brain","volume":"47","author":"Gulati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-018-0109-9","article-title":"Factors that influence adult neurogenesis as potential therapy","volume":"7","author":"Shohayeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Caplan, L.R., Biller, J., Leary, M.C., Lo, E.H., Thomas, A.J., Yenari, M., and Zhang, J.H. (2017). Chapter 18\u2014Gliogenesis. Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.088005","article-title":"Neurotransmitter-mediated control of neurogenesis in the adult vertebrate brain","volume":"140","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185463","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/185463","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation","volume":"2013","author":"Ota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Rubenstein, J., Rakic, P., Chen, B., Kwan, K.Y., Cline, H.T., and Cardin, J. (2020). Chapter 3\u2014Astrocytes and synaptogenesis. Synapse Development and Maturation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satarker, S., Bojja, S.L., Gurram, P.C., Mudgal, J., Arora, D., and Nampoothiri, M. (2022). Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission and Its Implications in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071139"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2174\/187152707780619326","article-title":"Gliogenesis and glial pathology in depression","volume":"6","author":"Rajkowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.09.030","article-title":"Adult brain cytogenesis in the context of mood disorders: From neurogenesis to the emergent role of gliogenesis","volume":"131","author":"Salgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ditmer, M., Gabryelska, A., Turkiewicz, S., Bialasiewicz, P., Malecka-Wojciesko, E., and Sochal, M. (2021). Sleep Problems in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Prevalence, Treatment, and New Perspectives: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010067"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.10.33","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia, cardiovascular disease and obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"10","author":"Turnbull","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ota, H., Fujita, Y., Yamauchi, M., Muro, S., Kimura, H., and Takasawa, S. (2019). Relationship Between Intermittent Hypoxia and Type 2 Diabetes in Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194756"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1766460","article-title":"mTOR\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway protects hippocampal neurons from injury induced by intermittent hypoxia in rats","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turkiewicz, S., Ditmer, M., Sochal, M., Bia\u0142asiewicz, P., Strzelecki, D., and Gabryelska, A. (2021). Obstructive Sleep Apnea as an Acceleration Trigger of Cellular Senescence Processes through Telomere Shortening. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212536"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalaji, A., Behnoush, A.H., Shobeiri, P., Saeedian, B., Teixeira, A.L., and Rezaei, N. (2022). Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02707-x"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2011.184","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced deficits in synaptic plasticity and neurocognitive functions: A role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"33","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2005-1558","article-title":"Brain preconditioning and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Brzecka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901082","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/901082","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in different neurological diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Ventriglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-021-00099-4","article-title":"Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"28","author":"Nagib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Middle East Curr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2016.11.285","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Goren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ment. Health Clin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-08-02978.2000","article-title":"Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the circadian regulation of the suprachiasmatic pacemaker by light","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sochal, M., Ditmer, M., Gabryelska, A., and Bia\u0142asiewicz, P. (2022). The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Immune-Related Diseases: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206023"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0543-8","article-title":"Activation of TrkB\/Akt signaling by a TrkB receptor agonist improves long-term histological and functional outcomes in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00455","article-title":"BDNF Actions in the Cardiovascular System: Roles in Development, Adulthood and Response to Injury","volume":"10","author":"Kermani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.225","article-title":"Neurotrophic factor BDNF is upregulated in soft palate muscles of snorers and sleep apnea patients","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"546","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia affects endogenous serotonergic inputs and expression of synaptic proteins in rat hypoglossal nucleus","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5361","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-17-05361.1996","article-title":"Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor exhibit visceral sensory neuron losses distinct from mice lacking NT4 and display a severe developmental deficit in control of breathing","volume":"16","author":"Erickson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.11.018","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and BDNF in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD)","volume":"90","author":"Kaminska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1033-y","article-title":"Altered irisin\/BDNF axis parallels excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea patients","volume":"20","author":"More","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, K.R., Viccaro, F., Aquilini, M., Scarpino, S., Ronchetti, F., Mancini, R., Di Napoli, A., Scozzi, D., and Ricci, A. (2020). Protective role of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227834"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(12)60169-2","article-title":"Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive function of obstructive sleep apnea\/hypopnea syndrome patients","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00109","article-title":"Degeneration in Arousal Neurons in Chronic Sleep Disruption Modeling Sleep Apnea","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.27934","article-title":"Neurobiologia Snu","volume":"75","author":"Szelenberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100286","article-title":"A novel arousal-based individual screening reveals susceptibility and resilience to PTSD-like phenotypes in mice","volume":"14","author":"Torrisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113084","article-title":"Long-lasting neurobehavioral alterations in burn-injured mice resembling post-traumatic stress disorder in humans","volume":"323","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e873","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.153","article-title":"Loss of promoter IV-driven BDNF expression impacts oscillatory activity during sleep, sensory information processing and fear regulation","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S255","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179936","article-title":"The Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"64","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.008","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling in Depression and Antidepressant Action","volume":"90","author":"Monteggia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13035","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13035","article-title":"Interleukin 6 as a marker of depression in women with sleep apnea","volume":"30","author":"Gozal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabryelska, A., Turkiewicz, S., Ditmer, M., Karuga, F.F., Strzelecki, D., Bia\u0142asiewicz, P., and Sochal, M. (2022). BDNF and proBDNF Serum Protein Levels in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients and Their Involvement in Insomnia and Depression Symptoms. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237135"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.964","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression","volume":"23","author":"Germain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.020","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues and prevents chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity","volume":"40","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-019-0323-8","article-title":"Metoprolol prevents neuronal dendrite remodeling in a canine model of chronic obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117573","article-title":"Huperzine A, reduces brain iron overload and alleviates cognitive deficit in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia","volume":"250","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02400-5","article-title":"7,8-Dihydroxyflavone protects retinal ganglion cells against chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative stress damage via activation of the BDNF\/TrkB signaling pathway","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131683","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia with or without hypercapnia is associated with tumorigenesis by decreasing the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor and miR-34a in rats","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b20-00085","article-title":"Edaravone Improves Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Damage in Rats","volume":"43","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.01.017","article-title":"Acute intermittent hypoxia-induced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is disrupted in the brainstem of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 null mice","volume":"206","author":"Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1166","article-title":"BDNF is necessary and sufficient for spinal respiratory plasticity following intermittent hypoxia","volume":"7","author":"Fuller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2908-11.2012","article-title":"Repetitive intermittent hypoxia induces respiratory and somatic motor recovery after chronic cervical spinal injury","volume":"32","author":"Satriotomo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77888","article-title":"Long-term potentiation decay and memory loss are mediated by AMPAR endocytosis","volume":"125","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-020-00265-1","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia improves markers of iron metabolism in a model of dietary-induced obesity","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8520967","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8520967","article-title":"Involvement of Hepcidin in Cognitive Damage Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice","volume":"2021","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0415-7","article-title":"Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein, cortisol, and lipid levels","volume":"15","author":"Panaree","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz145","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz145","article-title":"Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on inflammatory, antioxidant, and depression biomarkers in women with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Troncoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.835515","article-title":"The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Endothelial Function in a Pediatric Population with Obesity","volume":"8","author":"Makhout","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabryelska, A., and Sochal, M. (2022). Evaluation of HIF-1 Involvement in the BDNF and ProBDNF Signaling Pathways among Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314876"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626906","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.626906","article-title":"Blood Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Major Depression: Do We Have a Translational Perspective?","volume":"15","author":"Arosio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8682","article-title":"Patients with obstructive sleep apnea present with chronic upregulation of serum HIF-1\u03b1 protein","volume":"16","author":"Gabryelska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"47","article-title":"Potential inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00292-0","article-title":"Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1: Mechanisms and consequences","volume":"59","author":"Semenza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.01.006","article-title":"BDNF secretion by human pulmonary artery endothelial cells in response to hypoxia","volume":"68","author":"Helan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2660-y","article-title":"Induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 by BDNF protects retinoblastoma cells against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis","volume":"414","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-019-01535-x","article-title":"BDNF-mediated mitophagy alleviates high-glucose-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell injury","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.11.058","article-title":"mTOR activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 and inhibits neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain during the early phase after hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"507","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1746308","article-title":"The role of mTOR signalling pathway in hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment","volume":"131","author":"Zulkipli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00211-7","article-title":"Transcription-dependent and -independent control of neuronal survival by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Brunet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.044","article-title":"Apnea promotes glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in hippocampal neurons","volume":"1179","author":"Fung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401662","article-title":"Neuroprotection by BDNF against glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated by ERK and PI3-kinase pathways","volume":"12","author":"Almeida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45976-5","article-title":"Associations between serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and influence of storage time and centrifugation strategy","volume":"9","author":"Gejl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002","article-title":"The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma","volume":"26","author":"Lommatzsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21722","article-title":"Cerebrolysin in the therapy of mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: 30 years of clinical use","volume":"41","author":"Gavrilova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, X.A., Alvarez, I., Iglesias, O., Crespo, I., Figueroa, J., Aleixandre, M., Linares, C., Granizo, E., Garcia-Fantini, M., and Marey, J. (2016). Synergistic Increase of Serum BDNF in Alzheimer Patients Treated with Cerebrolysin and Donepezil: Association with Cognitive Improvement in ApoE4 Cases. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 19.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw024"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R199","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00422.2014","article-title":"The truncated TrkB receptor influences mammalian sleep","volume":"308","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsx194","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx194","article-title":"Changes in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression Influence Sleep-Wake Activity and Homeostatic Regulation of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep","volume":"41","author":"Garner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1680","article-title":"Determinants of cortical synchrony","volume":"35","author":"Mongrain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.01.134","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Linked to Depression and Cognitive Impairment: Evidence and Potential Mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Kerner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201910-750OC","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Pain Intensity in Young Adults","volume":"17","author":"Athar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarski, P., Karuga, F.F., Szmyd, B., Sochal, M., Bialasiewicz, P., Strzelecki, D., and Gabryelska, A. (2022). The Role of Inflammation, Hypoxia, and Opioid Receptor Expression in Pain Modulation in Patients Suffering from Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169080"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577406","article-title":"The emerging role of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in the modulation of pain perception","volume":"349","author":"Cappoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13978","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13978","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is elevated in the blood serum of Crohn\u2019s disease patients, but is not influenced by anti-TNF-\u03b1 treatment\u2014A pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Sochal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24311","article-title":"The release of glutamate from cortical neurons regulated by BDNF via the TrkB\/Src\/PLC-gamma1 pathway","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.04.004","article-title":"BDNF as a pain modulator","volume":"85","author":"Merighi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy009","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor derived from sensory neurons plays a critical role in chronic pain","volume":"141","author":"Sikandar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01143","article-title":"Burst-Like Subcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Induces BDNF-Mediated, Cyclotraxin B-Sensitive Central Sensitization in Rat Spinal Cord","volume":"9","author":"Retamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.06.012","article-title":"Central sensitization: A generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Latremoliere","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0129-z","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-10-46","article-title":"Higher serum S100B and BDNF levels are correlated with a lower pressure-pain threshold in fibromyalgia","volume":"10","author":"Zanette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.10","article-title":"BDNF: An indicator of insomnia?","volume":"19","author":"Giese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/204946370800200102","article-title":"Insomnia Co-Occurring with Chronic Pain: Clinical Features, Interaction, Assessments and Possible Interventions","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Pain"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.038208","article-title":"Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during sleep apnoea treatment","volume":"60","author":"Staats","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1102-1131","article-title":"The neurotrophin receptor p75NTR: Novel functions and implications for diseases of the nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Dechant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43798","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.374710","article-title":"Mapping of the interaction site between sortilin and the p75 neurotrophin receptor reveals a regulatory role for the sortilin intracellular domain in p75 neurotrophin receptor shedding and apoptosis","volume":"287","author":"Skeldal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010440","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010440","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Multidisciplinary Clinical Management Strategy","volume":"8","author":"Tietjens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006264","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006264","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Autonomic Nervous Mechanism and Modulation","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaokereti, J., Guo, Y.-K., Dong, Z.-Y., Ma, M., Lu, Y.-M., Li, Y.-D., Zhou, X.-H., Zhang, L., and Tang, B.-P. (2021). Enhanced atrial internal-external neural remodeling facilitates atrial fibrillation in the chronic obstructive sleep apnea model. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247308"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.08.016","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating inflammation through activation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors of Kupffer cells","volume":"59","author":"Huan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001005","article-title":"Taurine Alleviates Sympathetic Innervation by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome in Postinfarcted Rats","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640295","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.640295","article-title":"Ganglionated Plexi Ablation Suppresses Chronic Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Related Atrial Fibrillation by Inhibiting Cardiac Autonomic Hyperactivation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57545","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11296","article-title":"Chronic obstructive sleep apnea accelerates pulmonary remodeling via TGF-\u03b2\/miR-185\/CoLA1 signaling in a canine model","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31814257ed","article-title":"Neurotrophins and tonsillar hypertrophy in children with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"62","author":"Goldbart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nerve Growth Factor, Muscle Afferent Receptors and Autonomic Responsiveness with Femoral Artery Occlusion","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mod. Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabryelska, A., Sochal, M., Turkiewicz, S., and Bia\u0142asiewicz, P. (2020). Relationship between HIF-1 and Circadian Clock Proteins in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients\u2014Preliminary Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051599"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12995","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12995","article-title":"Influence of one-night CPAP therapy on the changes of HIF-1alpha protein in OSA patients: A pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Gabryelska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.218","article-title":"Memory dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior in a mouse model of chronic sleep disorders","volume":"529","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.06.024","article-title":"Influence of excessive daily sleeping and sleep quality on BDNF and NGF serum levels in adolescents","volume":"84","author":"Eckeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-91","article-title":"Disrupted sleep without sleep curtailment induces sleepiness and cognitive dysfunction via the tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 pathway","volume":"9","author":"Ramesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45106-5_1","article-title":"NGF, BDNF, NT3, and NT4","volume":"220","author":"Bothwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00564-0","article-title":"Neurotrophins 3 and 4 enhance non-rapid eye movement sleep in rabbits","volume":"346","author":"Kushikata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.08.036","article-title":"Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is required for differentiation of pontine noradrenergic neurons and patterning of central respiratory output","volume":"130","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-003-1036-z","article-title":"Molecular analysis of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Sasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.03.016","article-title":"Postnatal growth of the carotid body","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1095-x","article-title":"Genetic influences on the onset of obstructive sleep apnoea and daytime sleepiness: A twin study","volume":"20","author":"Szily","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6656943","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6656943","article-title":"Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Functions as a Potential Candidate Gene in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Based on a Combination of Bioinformatics and Targeted Capture Sequencing Analyses","volume":"2021","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24435","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024435","article-title":"Screening and identification of potential biomarkers for obstructive sleep apnea via microarray analysis","volume":"100","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201002-0192OC","article-title":"A candidate gene study of obstructive sleep apnea in European Americans and African Americans","volume":"182","author":"Larkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.184.1.143a","article-title":"The CRP and GDNF genes do not contribute to apnea-hypopnea index or risk of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"184","author":"Gislason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/1808\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:07:53Z","timestamp":1760119673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/1808"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24031808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24031808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}