{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:26:02Z","timestamp":1791653162677,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Canaria de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n (ACIISI) del Gobierno de Canarias","award":["ProID2020010134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProID2020010134"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Canaria de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n (ACIISI) del Gobierno de Canarias","award":["PID2019-105838RB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105838RB-C31"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Canaria de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Sociedad de la Informaci\u00f3n (ACIISI) del Gobierno de Canarias","award":["PLEC2022-009507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLEC2022-009507"]}]},{"name":"Caja Canarias, Project 2019SP43, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["ProID2020010134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProID2020010134"]}]},{"name":"Caja Canarias, Project 2019SP43, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PID2019-105838RB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105838RB-C31"]}]},{"name":"Caja Canarias, Project 2019SP43, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PLEC2022-009507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLEC2022-009507"]}]},{"name":"State Plan for Scientific, Technical Research and Innovation 2021\u20132023 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["ProID2020010134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProID2020010134"]}]},{"name":"State Plan for Scientific, Technical Research and Innovation 2021\u20132023 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2019-105838RB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105838RB-C31"]}]},{"name":"State Plan for Scientific, Technical Research and Innovation 2021\u20132023 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PLEC2022-009507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLEC2022-009507"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classically, superoxide anion O2\u2022\u2212 and reactive oxygen species ROS play a dual role. At the physiological balance level, they are a by-product of O2 reduction, necessary for cell signalling, and at the pathological level they are considered harmful, as they can induce disease and apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death. This revision focuses on understanding the main characteristics of the superoxide O2\u2022\u2212, its generation pathways, the biomolecules it oxidizes and how it may contribute to their modification and toxicity. The role of superoxide dismutase, the enzyme responsible for the removal of most of the superoxide produced in living organisms, is studied. At the same time, the toxicity induced by superoxide and derived radicals is beneficial in the oxidative death of microbial pathogens, which are subsequently engulfed by specialized immune cells, such as neutrophils or macrophages, during the activation of innate immunity. Ultimately, this review describes in some depth the chemistry related to O2\u2022\u2212 and how it is harnessed by the innate immune system to produce lysis of microbial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:57:57Z","timestamp":1674007077000},"page":"1841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":337,"title":["Superoxide Anion Chemistry\u2014Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Celia Mar\u00eda Curieses","family":"Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario of Valladolid, Avenida de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4663-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"P\u00e9rez de la Lastra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC\u2014Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Andr\u00e9s Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0831-893X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Plou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC\u2014Spanish Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sistemas de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Recursos Naturales, 47625 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.22490\/24629448.1010","article-title":"Estr\u00e9s oxidativo: Origen, evoluci\u00f3n y consecuencias de la toxicidad del ox\u00edgeno","volume":"10","author":"Corrales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nova"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00233-1","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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