{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:24:42Z","timestamp":1791498282363,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2020-795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2020-795"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["13.1902.21.0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13.1902.21.0027"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["RF-190220X0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-190220X0027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is diagnosed many years after its onset, under a significant degradation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, responsible for the regulation of motor function. This explains the low effectiveness of the treatment of patients. Therefore, one of the highest priorities in neurology is the development of the early (preclinical) diagnosis of PD. The aim of this study was to search for changes in the blood of patients at risk of developing PD, which are considered potential diagnostic biomarkers. Out of 1835 patients, 26 patients were included in the risk group and 20 patients in the control group. The primary criteria for inclusion in a risk group were the impairment of sleep behavior disorder and sense of smell, and the secondary criteria were neurological and mental disorders. In patients at risk and in controls, the composition of plasma and the expression of genes of interest in lymphocytes were assessed by 27 indicators. The main changes that we found in plasma include a decrease in the concentrations of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and urates, as well as the expressions of some types of microRNA, and an increase in the total oxidative status. In turn, in the lymphocytes of patients at risk, an increase in the expression of the DA D3 receptor gene and the lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), as well as a decrease in the expression of the Protein deglycase DJ-1 gene (PARK7), were observed. The blood changes we found in patients at risk are considered candidates for diagnostic biomarkers at the prodromal stage of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:57:57Z","timestamp":1674007077000},"page":"1842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Searching for Biomarkers in the Blood of Patients at Risk of Developing Parkinson\u2019s Disease at the Prodromal Stage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Elena A.","family":"Katunina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Medical Genetic, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"},{"name":"Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnologies, Moscow 117513, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9074-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Blokhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina R.","family":"Nodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Gerontological Research and Clinical Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina N.","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Kalinkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerian G.","family":"Kucheryanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5210-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leyla","family":"Alekperova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna V.","family":"Selikhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Medical Genetic, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2797-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail Yu.","family":"Martynov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Medical Genetic, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"},{"name":"Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnologies, Moscow 117513, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael V.","family":"Ugrumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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