{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:22:37Z","timestamp":1785565357980,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre Poland","award":["2020\/39\/B\/NZ7\/00558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/39\/B\/NZ7\/00558"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the 1990s, ionotropic glutamate receptors have served as an outstanding target for drug discovery research aimed at the discovery of new neurotherapeutic agents. With the recent approval of perampanel, the first marketed non-competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors, particular interest has been directed toward \u2018non-NMDA\u2019 (AMPA and kainate) receptor inhibitors. Although the role of AMPA receptors in the development of neurological or psychiatric disorders has been well recognized and characterized, progress in understanding the function of kainate receptors (KARs) has been hampered, mainly due to the lack of specific and selective pharmacological tools. The latest findings in the biology of KA receptors indicate that they are involved in neurophysiological activity and play an important role in both health and disease, including conditions such as anxiety, schizophrenia, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and migraine. Therefore, we reviewed recent advances in the field of competitive and non-competitive kainate receptor antagonists and their potential therapeutic applications. Due to the high level of structural divergence among the compounds described here, we decided to divide them into seven groups according to their overall structure, presenting a total of 72 active compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T02:51:37Z","timestamp":1674096697000},"page":"1908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Kainate Receptor Antagonists: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3663-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Cha\u0142upnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krak\u00f3w, PL 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3025-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Szyma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krak\u00f3w, PL 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6426","article-title":"Glutamate, glutamate receptors, and downstream signaling pathways","volume":"9","author":"Willard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000131","article-title":"Structure, function, and pharmacology of glutamate receptor ion channels","volume":"73","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.109.002451","article-title":"Glutamate receptor ion channels: Structure, regulation, and function","volume":"62","author":"Traynelis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.016","article-title":"Non-canonical signaling, the hidden life of ligand-gated ion channels","volume":"92","author":"Valbuena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00128","article-title":"Non-canonical mechanisms of presynaptic kainate receptors controlling glutamate release","volume":"11","author":"Sihra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.06.063","article-title":"A nomenclature for ligand-gated ion channels","volume":"56","author":"Collingridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80404-3","article-title":"Rat GluR7 and a carboxy-terminal splice variant, GluR7b, are functional kainate receptor subunits with a low sensitivity to glutamate","volume":"19","author":"Schiffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2003.11.026","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of glutamatergic agonists and antagonists at recombinant human homomeric and heteromeric kainate receptors in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Alt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.1021\/jm800092x","article-title":"Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a series of 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues: New insight into the structure-activity relation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 5, 6, and 7","volume":"51","author":"Sagot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.185207","article-title":"Subunit-specific desensitization of heteromeric kainate receptors","volume":"588","author":"Mott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.05.014","article-title":"Lessons from crystal structures of kainate receptors","volume":"112","author":"Frydenvang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.010","article-title":"High affinity kainate receptor subunits are necessary for ionotropic but not metabotropic signaling","volume":"63","author":"Fernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.06.049","article-title":"A pharmacological profile of the high-affinity GluK5 kainate receptor","volume":"788","author":"Kastrup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0265-6","article-title":"Kainate receptors","volume":"326","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2450-2","article-title":"Exciting times: New advances towards understanding the regulation and roles of kainate receptors","volume":"44","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.971","article-title":"Molecular physiology of kainate receptors","volume":"81","author":"Lerma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15499","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2724-09.2009","article-title":"Atypical functional properties of GluK3-containing kainate receptors","volume":"29","author":"Perrais","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5074","article-title":"Kainate receptors: From synaptic activity to disease","volume":"289","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9557-5_3","article-title":"Localization and functions of kainate receptors in the basal ganglia","volume":"717","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.045","article-title":"Kainate receptors in health and disease","volume":"80","author":"Lerma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(10)82009-6","article-title":"Hippocampal kainate receptors","volume":"Volume 82","author":"Bloss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vitamins and Hormones"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608891104","article-title":"GluR7 is an essential subunit of presynaptic kainate autoreceptors at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses","volume":"104","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.08.002","article-title":"Antagonism of recombinant and native GluK3-containing kainate receptors","volume":"56","author":"Perrais","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.11.050","article-title":"Kainate receptors, homeostatic gatekeepers of synaptic plasticity","volume":"456","author":"Valbuena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.017","article-title":"NETO auxiliary subunits regulate interneuron somatodendritic and presynaptic kainate receptors to control network inhibition","volume":"20","author":"Wyeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03936-y","article-title":"Kainate receptor modulation by NETO2","volume":"599","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.001","article-title":"Role of Neto1 extracellular domain in modulation of kainate receptors","volume":"192","author":"Vinnakota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0541-19.2020","article-title":"Cognition and behavior kainate receptor auxiliary subunit NETO2-related cued fear conditioning impairments associate with defects in amygdala development and excitability","volume":"7","author":"Mennesson","year":"2020","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108696","article-title":"Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors modulating glutamate release","volume":"197","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.03.012","article-title":"Presynaptic kainate receptor-mediated bidirectional modulatory actions: Mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Sihra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9557-5_4","article-title":"Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors in the control of glutamate release in the hippocampus","volume":"717","author":"Sihra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00252","article-title":"The kainate receptor subunit GluK2 interacts with KCC2 to promote maturation of dendritic spines","volume":"14","author":"Kesaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4505","article-title":"Metabotropic action of postsynaptic kainate receptors triggers hippocampal long-term potentiation","volume":"20","author":"Petrovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.282","article-title":"Structural dynamics of the GluK3-kainate receptor neurotransmitter binding domains revealed by cryo-EM","volume":"149","author":"Kumari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46770-z","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into GluK3-kainate receptor desensitization and recovery","volume":"9","author":"Kumari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66097","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66097","article-title":"Architecture and structural dynamics of the heteromeric GluK2\/K5 kainate receptor","volume":"10","author":"Khanra","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109891","article-title":"Structural and compositional diversity in the kainate receptor family","volume":"37","author":"Selvakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2022, December 08). Available online: www.clinicaltrials.gov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200831154658","article-title":"Targeting ionotropic glutamate receptors in the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Celli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.2.169","article-title":"Effects of ketamine in epilepsy","volume":"25","author":"Celesia","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"2024","article-title":"Perampanel approved for epilepsy","volume":"69","author":"Traynor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14522","article-title":"Perampanel in routine clinical use in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: The 12-month GENERAL study","volume":"59","author":"Villanueva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5307-13.2014","article-title":"Role of GluK1 kainate receptors in seizures, epileptic discharges, and epileptogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Fritsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.06.032","article-title":"Contribution of aberrant GluK2-containing kainate receptors to chronic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Christie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108569","article-title":"Kainate and AMPA receptors in epilepsy: Cell biology, signalling pathways and possible crosstalk","volume":"195","author":"Henley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00217","article-title":"Kainate receptors: Role in epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Sihra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.11.012","article-title":"Physiopathology of kainate receptors in epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Mulle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182a4b266","article-title":"The expression of kainate receptor subunits in hippocampal astrocytes after experimentally induced status epilepticus","volume":"72","author":"Vargas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(81)90659-7","article-title":"Kainic acid as a tool for the study of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"29","year":"1981","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.02.066","article-title":"Kainate receptors in epilepsy and excitotoxicity","volume":"158","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00204.x","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of kainate receptors","volume":"17","author":"Matute","year":"2011","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.08.014","article-title":"Ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to pain transmission and chronic pain","volume":"112","author":"Zhuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780765864","article-title":"Kainate receptors and pain: From dorsal root ganglion to the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.081398","article-title":"Kainate receptor signaling in pain pathways","volume":"83","author":"Bhangoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2006.10.008","article-title":"Glutamate receptors and pain","volume":"17","author":"Bleakman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0491952","article-title":"Two prodrugs of potent and selective GluR5 kainate receptor antagonists actives in three animal models of pain","volume":"48","author":"Dominguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00142.x","article-title":"Activation of iGluR5 kainate receptors inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilatation in an animal model of trigeminovascular activation","volume":"157","author":"Andreou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0616-5","article-title":"Glutamate and its receptors as therapeutic targets for migraine","volume":"15","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00122.x","article-title":"Molecular and pharmacological evidence for a facilitatory functional role of pre-synaptic GLUK2\/3 kainate receptors on GABA release in rat trigeminal caudal nucleus","volume":"16","author":"Samengo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108558","article-title":"Losing balance: Kainate receptors and psychiatric disorders comorbidities","volume":"191","author":"Valbuena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-017-0297-8","article-title":"Cortical kainate receptors and behavioral anxiety","volume":"10","author":"Zhuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.10.001","article-title":"Are GRIK3 (T928G) gene variants in schizophrenia patients different from those in their first-degree relatives?","volume":"175","author":"Kilic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970802688044","article-title":"Association between the ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate3 (GRIK3) Ser310Ala polymorphism and schizophrenia in the Indian population","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00231-7","article-title":"Association study of polymorphisms in the GluR6 kainate receptor gene (GRIK2) with schizophrenia","volume":"113","author":"Shibata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113194","article-title":"A comparative analysis of kainate receptor GluK2 and GluK5 knockout mice in a pure genetic background","volume":"405","author":"Iida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20133","article-title":"Subtype selective kainic acid receptor agonists: Discovery and approaches to rational design","volume":"29","author":"Bunch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35257","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.269001","article-title":"Mechanism of AMPA receptor activation by partial agonists: Disulfide trapping of closed lobe conformations","volume":"286","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2899909","article-title":"Quinoxalinediones: Potent competitive non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists","volume":"241","author":"Davies","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2154034","article-title":"2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline: A neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia","volume":"247","author":"Sheardown","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90591-G","article-title":"Protection against post-ischemic behavioral pathology by the \u03b1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX) in the gerbil","volume":"133","author":"Judge","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Lubisch, W., Behl, B., and Hofmann, H.P. (1998). Amido-Quinoxalinediones, the Preparation and Use Thereof. (5,773,439), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00432.x","article-title":"A new pyrrolyl-quinoxalinedione series of non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists: Pharmacological characterization and comparison with NBQX and valproate in the kindling model of epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Lehmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.03.014","article-title":"The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX exerts anti-seizure but not antiepileptogenic effects in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"95","author":"Twele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12378","article-title":"AMPA Receptor antagonist NBQX attenuates later-life epileptic seizures and autistic-like social deficits following neonatal seizures","volume":"54","author":"Rakhade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.015","article-title":"It is AMPA receptor, not kainate receptor, that contributes to the NBQX-induced antinociception in the spinal cord of rats","volume":"1100","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00314-8","article-title":"The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"343","author":"Leyssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1089\/089771502320914679","article-title":"Both MK801 and NBQX reduce the neuronal damage after impact-acceleration brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Goda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9235","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09235.2000","article-title":"NBQX attenuates excitotoxic injury in developing white matter","volume":"20","author":"Follett","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and discriminative effects of the AMPA antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX)","volume":"274","author":"Swedberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199511000-00025","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of NBQX on hypoxia-induced neuronal damage in rat hippocampus","volume":"6","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17146.x","article-title":"Effects of the non-NMDA antagonists NBQX and the 2,3-benzodiazepine GYKI 52466 on different seizure types in mice: Comparison with diazepam and interactions with flumazenil","volume":"113","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20084","article-title":"Competitive AMPA receptor antagonists","volume":"27","author":"Catarzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867013373877","article-title":"AMPA receptor antagonists","volume":"8","author":"Nikam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1021\/cn1001039","article-title":"Medicinal chemistry of competitive kainate receptor antagonists","volume":"2","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"84","article-title":"YM90K: Pharmacological characterization as a selective and potent alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate\/kainate receptor antagonist","volume":"276","author":"Okada","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00232.x","article-title":"YM872: A selective, potent and highly water-soluble alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503321532851","article-title":"The glutamate AMPA receptor antagonist, YM872, attenuates cortical tissue loss, regional cerebral edema, and neurological motor deficits after experimental brain injury in rats","volume":"20","author":"Furukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10960","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.18.10960","article-title":"ZK200775: A phosphonate quinoxalinedione AMPA antagonist for neuroprotection in stroke and trauma","volume":"95","author":"Turski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Terai, K., Suzuki, M., and Sasamata, M. (2004). Therapeutic Agent for Brain Hemorrhage. (WO2004002488)."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Ishiuchi, S. (2003). Remedy for Glioblastoma. (CA2479495)."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1998.tb07142.x","article-title":"In-vitro characterization of YM872, a selective, potent and highly water-soluble alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor antagonist","volume":"50","author":"Kohara","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00726","article-title":"N1-substituted quinoxaline-2,3-diones as kainate receptor antagonists: X-ray crystallography, structure\u2212affinity relationships, and in vitro pharmacology","volume":"10","author":"Pallesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867013372210","article-title":"Inhibitors of ampa and kainate receptors","volume":"8","author":"Madsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00335-9","article-title":"Pyrrolylquinoxalinediones carrying a piperazine residue represent highly potent and selective ligands to the homomeric kainate receptor GluR5","volume":"12","author":"Lubisch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00479","article-title":"N-(7-(1H-Imidazol-1-yl)-2,3-dioxo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl)benzamide, a new kainate receptor selective antagonist and analgesic: Synthesis, X-ray crystallography, structure-affinity relationships, and in vitro and in vivo pharmacology","volume":"10","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.08.004","article-title":"Lessons from more than 80 structures of the GluA2 ligand-binding domain in complex with agonists, antagonists and allosteric modulators","volume":"60","author":"Frydenvang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha\u0142upnik, P., Vialko, A., Pickering, D.S., Hinkkanen, M., Donbosco, S., M\u00f8ller, T.C., Jensen, A.A., Nielsen, B., Bay, Y., and Kristensen, A.S. (2022). Discovery of the first highly selective antagonist of the GluK3 kainate receptor subtype. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158797"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00038","article-title":"Binding mode of an \u03b1-amino acid-linked quinoxaline-2,3-dione analogue at glutamate receptor subtype GluK1","volume":"6","author":"Demmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7867","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050584l","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacology of willardiine derivatives acting as antagonists of kainate receptors","volume":"48","author":"Dolman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00478-1","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of a GluR6 kainate receptor in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"378","author":"Bleakman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00243","article-title":"Revisiting the quinoxalinedione scaffold in the construction of new ligands for the ionotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"8","author":"Demmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705148","article-title":"Structural requirements for novel willardiine derivatives acting as AMPA and kainate receptor antagonists","volume":"138","author":"More","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.03.005","article-title":"Characterisation of UBP296: A novel, potent and selective kainate receptor antagonist","volume":"47","author":"More","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0123-06.2005","article-title":"Crystal structures of the kainate receptor GluR5 ligand binding core dimer with novel GluR5-selective antagonists","volume":"26","author":"Mayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1021\/jm061041u","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of N3-substituted willardiine derivatives: Role of the substituent at the 5-position of the uracil ring in the development of highly potent and selective GLUK5 kainate receptor antagonists","volume":"50","author":"Dolman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.08.023","article-title":"Kainate receptors: Pharmacology, function and therapeutic potential","volume":"56","author":"Jane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113062","article-title":"The kainate receptor antagonist UBP310 but not single deletion of GluK1, GluK2, or GluK3 subunits, inhibits MPTP-induced degeneration in the mouse midbrain","volume":"323","author":"Stayte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25851","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007471117","article-title":"Subunit-selective iGluR antagonists can potentiate heteromeric receptor responses by blocking desensitization","volume":"117","author":"Pollok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.08.016","article-title":"ACET is a highly potent and specific kainate receptor antagonist: Characterisation and effects on hippocampal mossy fibre function","volume":"56","author":"Dargan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704957","article-title":"The novel antagonist 3-CBW discriminates between kainate receptors expressed on neonatal rat motoneurones and those on dorsal root C-fibres","volume":"137","author":"More","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00750","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship study of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist (2S,3R)-3-(3-carboxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid","volume":"58","author":"Storgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2000.108677","article-title":"Effects of the 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-proprionic acid\/kainate antagonist LY293558 on spontaneous and evoked postoperative pain","volume":"68","author":"Gilron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199811000-00005","article-title":"AMPA\/kainate antagonist LY293558 reduces capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia but not pain in normal skin in humans","volume":"89","author":"Sang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"768","article-title":"The effect of the AMPA\/kainate receptor antagonist LY293558 in a rat model of postoperative pain","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.02.017","article-title":"Targeting the glutamatergic system to counteract organophosphate poisoning: A novel therapeutic strategy","volume":"133","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.171835","article-title":"The GluK1 (GluR5) kainate\/ -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist LY293558 reduces soman-induced seizures and neuropathology","volume":"336","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2013.09.046","article-title":"GluK1 antagonists from 6-(carboxy)phenyl decahydroisoquinoline derivatives. SAR and evaluation of a prodrug strategy for oral efficacy in pain models","volume":"23","author":"Iyengar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00250-6","article-title":"LY377770, a novel iGlu5 kainate receptor antagonist with neuroprotective effects in global and focal cerebral ischaemia","volume":"39","author":"Bogaert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/nn880","article-title":"Antagonists of GLU(K5)-containing kainate receptors prevent pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures","volume":"5","author":"Smolders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(97)00188-3","article-title":"Kainate GluR5 receptor subtype mediates the nociceptive response to formalin in the rat","volume":"37","author":"Simmons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.06.012","article-title":"The effect of a kainate GluR5 receptor antagonist on responses of spinothalamic tract neurons in a model of peripheral neuropathy in primates","volume":"111","author":"Palecek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.1021\/jm025548q","article-title":"Ethyl (3s,4aR,6S,8aR)-6-(4-ethoxycar-bonylimidazol-1-ylmethyl) decahydroiso-quinoline-3-carboxylic ester: A prodrug of a GluR5 kainate receptor antagonist active in two animal models of acute migraine","volume":"45","author":"Filla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.101428","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of the competitive GLUK5 receptor antagonist decahydroisoquinoline LY466195 in vitro and in vivo","volume":"318","author":"Weiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.06.002","article-title":"Binding site and ligand flexibility revealed by high resolution crystal structures of GluK1 competitive antagonists","volume":"60","author":"Alushin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2013.09.045","article-title":"GluK1 antagonists from 6-(tetrazolyl)phenyl decahydroisoquinoline derivatives: In vitro profile and in vivo analgesic efficacy","volume":"23","author":"Iyengar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.02.023","article-title":"Results from clinical trials of a selective ionotropic glutamate receptor 5 (iGluR5) antagonist, LY5454694 tosylate, in 2 chronic pain conditions","volume":"155","author":"Chappell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00134-8","article-title":"Decahydroisoquinolines: Novel competitive AMPA\/kainate antagonists with neuroprotective effects in global cerebral ischaemia","volume":"37","author":"Bond","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1021\/jm950826p","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacology of highly selective carboxy and phosphono isoxazole amino acid AMPA receptor antagonists","volume":"39","author":"Madsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-636X(1999)11:10<752::AID-CHIR3>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and enantiopharmacology of the GluR1-4 and GluR5 antagonist 2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid","volume":"11","author":"Moller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25726","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700137200","article-title":"Partial agonism and antagonism of the ionotropic glutamate receptor iGLuR5: Structures of the ligand-binding core in complex with domoic acid and 2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid","volume":"282","author":"Hald","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1021\/jm200862h","article-title":"A new phenylalanine derivative acts as an antagonist at the AMPA receptor GluA2 and introduces partial domain closure: Synthesis, resolution, pharmacology, and crystal structure","volume":"54","author":"Frydenvang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201100599","article-title":"Structural and pharmacological characterization of phenylalanine-based AMPA receptor antagonists at kainate receptors","volume":"7","author":"Venskutonyte","year":"2012","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.07.021","article-title":"3-Substituted phenylalanines as selective AMPA- and kainate receptor ligands","volume":"17","author":"Szymanska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01666","article-title":"Studies on aryl-substituted phenylalanines: Synthesis, activity, and different binding modes at AMPA receptors","volume":"59","author":"Frydenvang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.09.075","article-title":"Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel phenylalanine-based amino acids as kainate receptors ligands","volume":"26","author":"Pickering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1021\/cn100093f","article-title":"Discovery of a new class of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists by the rational design of (2 S,3 R)-3-(3-carboxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid","volume":"2","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01516","article-title":"Design and synthesis of a series of l-trans-4-substituted prolines as selective antagonists for the ionotropic glutamate receptors including functional and X-ray crystallographic studies of new subtype selective kainic acid receptor subtype 1 (GluK1) antagonist (2S,4R)-4-(2-carboxyphenoxy)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid","volume":"60","author":"Delgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Bunch, L. (2014). Pyrrolidine-2-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as iGluR Antagonists. (US20140235576A1)."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Bunch, L. (2015). Substituted 4-Proline Derivatives as iGluR Antagonists. (WO2015003723A1)."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.086389","article-title":"Divergent pharmacological activity of novel marine-derived excitatory amino acids on glutamate receptors","volume":"314","author":"Sanders","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.022772","article-title":"Determination of binding site residues responsible for the subunit selectivity of novel marine-derived compounds on kainate receptors","volume":"69","author":"Sanders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14219","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808547200","article-title":"Full domain closure of the ligand-binding core of the ionotropic glutamate receptor iGluR5 induced by the high affinity agonist dysiherbaine and the functional antagonist 8,9-dideoxyneodysiherbaine","volume":"284","author":"Frydenvang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.01.018","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of MSVIII-19, a functional antagonist of the GluK1 kainate receptor","volume":"152","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.129890","article-title":"Novel analogs and stereoisomers of the marine toxin neodysiherbaine with specificity for kainate receptors","volume":"324","author":"Lash","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Swanson, G.T., Lash, L., and Sakai, R. (2009). Kainate Receptor-Selective Epimeric Analogs of Dysiherbaine. (US20090118358A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b00099","article-title":"(S)-2-Amino-3-(5-methyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptor ligands: Further exploration of bioisosteric replacements and structural and biological investigation","volume":"61","author":"Brogi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1021\/jm2004078","article-title":"Selective kainate receptor (GluK1) ligands structurally based upon 1H-cyclopentapyrimidin-2,4(1H3H)- dione: Synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological and biostructural characterization","volume":"54","author":"Venskutonyte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00162","article-title":"(S)-2-Mercaptohistidine: A first selective orthosteric GluK3 antagonist","volume":"13","author":"Poulie","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2013.750294","article-title":"Emerging drugs for focal epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Mula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2014.848854","article-title":"BGG492 (selurampanel), an AMPA\/kainate receptor antagonist drug for epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Faught","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201600467","article-title":"Design and synthesis of Selurampanel, a novel orally active and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist","volume":"12","author":"Orain","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"1492","article-title":"SPD 502: A water-soluble and in vivo long-lasting AMPA antagonist with neuroprotective activity","volume":"289","author":"Nielsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21376","article-title":"NS1209\/SPD 502, a novel selective AMPA antagonist for stroke, neuropathic pain or epilepsy? Drug development lessons learned","volume":"78","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00431-X","article-title":"9-Carboxymethyl-5H,10H-imidazo[1,2-a]indeno[1,2-e]pyrazin-4-one-2-carbocylic acid (RPR117824): Selective anticonvulsive and neuroprotective AMPA antagonist","volume":"10","author":"Mignani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.10.010","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the interaction of the pyrazine derivatives RPR119990 and RPR117824 with human AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels","volume":"50","author":"Krampfl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318198317b","article-title":"The efficacy of the AMPA receptor antagonist ns1209 and lidocaine in nerve injury pain: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover study","volume":"108","author":"Gormsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0604880","article-title":"Structural investigation of the 7-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-quinazoline-2,4-dione scaffold to obtain AMPA and kainate receptor selective antagonists. Synthesis, pharmacological, and molecular modeling studies","volume":"49","author":"Colotta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2012.05.036","article-title":"3-Hydroxy-1H-quinazoline-2,4-dione derivatives as new antagonists at ionotropic glutamate receptors: Molecular modeling and pharmacological studies","volume":"54","author":"Colotta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.01.024","article-title":"The structure of a mixed GluR2 ligand-binding core dimer in complex with (S)-glutamate and the antagonist (S)-NS1209","volume":"357","author":"Kasper","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02713.1997","article-title":"Activation and desensitization of hippocampal kainate receptors","volume":"17","author":"Wilding","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(96)00156-6","article-title":"Activity of 2,3-benzodiazepines at native rat and recombinant human glutamate receptors in vitro: Stereospecificity and selectivity profiles","volume":"35","author":"Bleakman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.062794","article-title":"In vitro characterization of 5-carboxyl-2,4-di-benzamidobenzoic acid (NS3763), a noncompetitive antagonist of GLUK5 receptors","volume":"309","author":"Christensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2174\/1570180811209050891","article-title":"Novel non-competitive antagonists of kainate GluK1\/GluK2 receptors","volume":"9","author":"Kronbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lett. Drug Des. Discov."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.154","article-title":"Perampanel: Newly approved, novel antiepileptic medication for partial-onset seizures","volume":"13","author":"Shvarts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2020.106452","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of anti-seizure medications on ionotropic glutamate receptors: Special focus on AMPA receptor subunits","volume":"167","author":"Fukushima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2397-21.2022","article-title":"The antiseizure drug Perampanel is a subunit-selective negative allosteric modulator of kainate receptors","volume":"42","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.10.004","article-title":"Usefulness of perampanel with concomitant levetiracetam for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Kanemura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.107938","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with partial onset seizures or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures receiving adjunctive perampanel","volume":"118","author":"Trigg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12448","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of adjunctive perampanel in patients with focal seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures: Post hoc analysis of Phase II and Phase III double-blind and open-label extension studies in India","volume":"8","author":"Mehndiratta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16413","article-title":"Open-label study to investigate the safety and efficacy of adjunctive perampanel in pediatric patients","volume":"61","author":"Fogarasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14644","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of perampanel in generalized and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures: A comparative study of Asian and non-Asian populations","volume":"60","author":"Nishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819827407","article-title":"Adjunctive Perampanel oral suspension in pediatric patients from 2 to <12 years of age with epilepsy: Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and efficacy","volume":"34","author":"Renfroe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.09.012","article-title":"Long-term tolerability, safety and efficacy of adjunctive perampanel in the open-label, dose-ascending Study 231 and extension Study 233 in Japanese patients with epilepsy","volume":"62","author":"Usui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.033","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: The first real-world evaluation in Asian pediatric neurology clinics","volume":"85","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.03.029","article-title":"Long-term effects of adjunctive perampanel on cognition in adolescents with partial seizures","volume":"83","author":"Lagae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22974","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of perampanel in advanced parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Eggert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e318241520b","article-title":"Perampanel in Parkinson disease fluctuations: A double-blind randomized trial with placebo and entacapone","volume":"35","author":"Rascol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27328","article-title":"Cortical excitability threshold can be increased by the AMPA blocker Perampanel in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10670-y","article-title":"Randomized phase 2 study of perampanel for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"269","author":"Aizawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.331bb.x","article-title":"Inhibition of rat neuronal kainate receptors by cis-unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"513","author":"Wilding","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9470","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2826-05.2005","article-title":"Q\/R site editing controls kainate receptor inhibition by membrane fatty acids","volume":"25","author":"Wilding","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200810009","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions in the pore helix of GluR6 control inhibition by membrane fatty acids","volume":"132","author":"Wilding","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8986","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2156-04.2004","article-title":"A mosaic of functional kainate receptors in hippocampal interneurons","volume":"24","author":"Christensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29355","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800393200","article-title":"Neuroprotection of GluR5-containing kainate receptor activation against ischemic brain injury through decreasing tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediated by Src kinase","volume":"283","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030428j","article-title":"2-arylureidobenzoic acids: Selective noncompetitive antagonists for the homomeric kainate receptor subtype GluR5","volume":"46","author":"Valgeirsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6948","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030638w","article-title":"Bioisosteric modifications of 2-arylureidobenzoic acids: Selective noncompetitive antagonists for the homomeric kainate receptor subtype GluR5","volume":"47","author":"Valgeirsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.12.013","article-title":"Structural studies, homology modeling and molecular docking of novel non-competitive antagonists of GluK1\/GluK2 receptors","volume":"22","author":"Kaczor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartyzel, A., Kaczor, A.A., Mahmoudi, G., Masoudiasl, A., Wr\u00f3bel, T.M., Pitucha, M., and Matosiuk, D. (2022). Experimental and computational structural studies of 2,3,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstituted indoles as non-competitive antagonists of GluK1\/GluK2 receptors. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082479"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.6.8.1085","article-title":"Topiramate: Current status and therapeutic potential","volume":"6","year":"1997","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.02.010","article-title":"Topiramate selectively protects against seizures induced by ATPA, a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist","volume":"46","author":"Kaminski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.153908","article-title":"Topiramate reduces excitability in the basolateral amygdala by selectively inhibiting GluK1 (GluR5) kainate receptors on interneurons and positively modulating GABA_A receptors on principal neurons","volume":"330","author":"Braga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7069","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-18-07069.2003","article-title":"Selective antagonism of GluR5 kainate-receptor-mediated synaptic currents by topiramate in rat basolateral amygdala neurons","volume":"23","author":"Gryder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557013406738","article-title":"Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of polyamine toxins","volume":"1","author":"Andersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271690","article-title":"Kainate receptor pore-forming and auxiliary subunits regulate channel block by a novel mechanism","volume":"594","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)80753-4","article-title":"High-affinity kainate and domoate receptors in rat brain","volume":"307","author":"Lomeli","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18789","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.TM118.003794","article-title":"Polyamine-mediated channel block of ionotropic glutamate receptors and its regulation by auxiliary proteins","volume":"293","author":"Bowie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01179.2003","article-title":"Subunit-dependent modulation of kainate receptors by extracellular protons and polyamines","volume":"23","author":"Mott","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91431-Q","article-title":"Structure of paralytic acylpolyamines from the spider Agelenopsisaperta","volume":"169","author":"Quistad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.13.4910","article-title":"Structure and synthesis of a potent glutamate receptor antagonist in wasp venom (wasp venom toxin\/quisqualate receptor)","volume":"85","author":"Eldefrawi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00519","article-title":"Philanthotoxin analogues that selectively inhibit ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with exceptional potency","volume":"62","author":"Kachel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassileiou, C., Kalantzi, S., Vachlioti, E., Athanassopoulos, C.M., Koutsakis, C., Piperigkou, Z., Karamanos, N., Stivarou, T., Lymberi, P., and Avgoustakis, K. (2022). New analogs of polyamine toxins from spiders and wasps: Liquid phase fragment synthesis and evaluation of antiproliferative activity. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020447"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2016.08.023","article-title":"ArgTX-636, a polyamine isolated from spider venom: A novel class of melanogenesis inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Verdoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.1021\/jm020314s","article-title":"Solid-phase synthesis of polyamine toxin analogues: Potent and selective antagonists of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors","volume":"45","author":"Kromann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38116","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38116","article-title":"Block of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by philanthotoxins is strongly dependent on their subunit composition","volume":"6","author":"Kachel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matavel, A., Estrada, G., and De Marco Almeida, F. (2016). Spider venom and drug discovery: A review. Spider Venoms, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6389-0_9"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.655ba.x","article-title":"Block of open channels of recombinant AMPA receptors and native AMPA\/kainate receptors by adamantane derivatives","volume":"505","author":"Magazanik","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(97)00067-9","article-title":"Blocking effect of 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine on Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"29","author":"Koike","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200805426","article-title":"Synthesis and biological activity of argiotoxin 636 and analogues: Selective antagonists for ionotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"48","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201402278","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship study of spider polyamine toxins as inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4940","DOI":"10.1021\/jm5004705","article-title":"Structure\u2212activity relationship studies of n-methylated and n-hydroxylated spider polyamine toxins as inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"57","author":"Poulsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1021\/jm301602d","article-title":"Structure\u2212Activity relationship studies of argiotoxins: Selective and potent inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"56","author":"Poulsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0364","article-title":"Developing RNA aptamers for potential treatment of neurological diseases","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"27","article-title":"RNA aptamers and their therapeutic and diagnostic applications","volume":"4","author":"Germer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108761","article-title":"RNA aptamers for AMPA receptors","volume":"199","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00211","article-title":"Chemically modified, \u03b1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA) receptor RNA aptamers designed for in vivo use","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6280","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.011649","article-title":"A kainate receptor-selective RNA aptamer","volume":"295","author":"Jaremko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, S., Yao, H., Wang, L., Lu, J., Jiang, F., Lu, A., and Zhang, G. (2017). Chemical modifications of nucleic acid aptamers for therapeutic purposes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081683"},{"key":"ref_218","unstructured":"Niu, L., and Huang, Z. (2020). Chemically Modified AMPA Receptor RNA Aptamers. (US10815486B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"e1560","article-title":"One aptamer, two functions: The full-length aptamer inhibits AMPA receptors, while the short one inhibits both AMPA and kainate receptors","volume":"4","author":"Jaremko","year":"2017","journal-title":"RNA Dis."},{"key":"ref_220","unstructured":"Braga, M.F., and Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V. (2017). Methods for Treating Neurological Conditions and Exposure to Nerve Agents. (WO2017218344A1)."},{"key":"ref_221","unstructured":"Chenard, B.L., Menniti, F.S., and Saltarelli, M.D. (2004). Pharmaceutical Combinations for the Treatment of Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. (US20020123510A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_222","unstructured":"Krissansen, G.W., and Kanwar, J.R. (2002). Treatment of Demyelinating Diseases by Administering GPE. (WO2002030447)."},{"key":"ref_223","unstructured":"Olney John, W. (2011). Safener Drug Combinations for Use with NMDA Antagonist Drugs. (US20120232025A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_224","unstructured":"Ikonomidou, H. (2000). New Use of Glutamate Antagonists for the Treatment of Cancer. (WO2000024395A1)."},{"key":"ref_225","unstructured":"Kozachuk, W.E. (2001). Methods of Producing Weight Loss and Treatment of Obesity. (US6191117B1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_226","unstructured":"Martynyuk, A.E., Dennis, D.M., Gravenstein, N., Glushakov, A.V., Yarotskyy, V., Sumners, C., and Seubert, C. (2008). Methods and Materials for Treating Mental Illness. (US20080096870), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_227","unstructured":"Steppuhn Karin, G., Bressler, K., Gieseler, M., Stephens David, N., and Turski, L. (1995). Pharmaceutical Agent for Treatment of Withdrawal Symptoms. (US5385903A), U.S. Patent."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/1908\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:09:17Z","timestamp":1760119757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/1908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":227,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24031908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24031908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}