{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:47:10Z","timestamp":1760147230255,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has required extensive research on the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the creation of new highly effective vaccines. The presence of T-cells in the body that respond to virus antigens suggests adequate antiviral immunity. We investigated T-cell immunity in individuals who recovered from mild and moderate COVID-19 and in individuals vaccinated with the Gam-COVID-Vac combined vector vaccine. The ELISPOT method was used to determine the number of T-cells responding with IFN-\u03b3 synthesis to stimulation by peptides containing epitopes of the S-protein or N-, M-, ORF3, and ORF7 proteins, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). At the same time, the multiplex method was used to determine the accumulation of IFN-\u03b3 and other cytokines in the culture medium. According to the data obtained, the proportion of positive conclusions about the T-cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in control, recovered, and vaccinated individuals was 12%, 70%, and 52%, respectively. At the same time, more than half of the vaccinated individuals with a T-cell response were sensitized to the antigens of N-, M-, ORF3, and ORF7 proteins not produced by Gam-COVID-Vac, indicating a high likelihood of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Increased IFN-\u03b3 release by single sensitized T-cells in response to specific stimulation in recovered and vaccinated individuals did not result in the accumulation of this and other cytokines in the culture medium. These findings suggest a balance between cytokine production and utilization by immunocompetent cells as a prerequisite for providing a controlled cytokine signal and avoiding a \u201ccytokine storm\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T02:51:37Z","timestamp":1674096697000},"page":"1930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["T-Cell Immunity in COVID-19-Recovered Individuals and Individuals Vaccinated with the Combined Vector Vaccine Gam-COVID-Vac"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey Petrovich","family":"Krechetov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina Valentinovna","family":"Vtorushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgenia Vladimirovna","family":"Inviyaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena Aleksandrovna","family":"Gorodnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana Vladimirovna","family":"Kolesnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry Anatolievich","family":"Kudlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel Igorevich","family":"Borovikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5023-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liubov Valentinovna","family":"Krechetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nataliya Vitalievna","family":"Dolgushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Perinatology and Reproductology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gennady Tikhonovich","family":"Sukhikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I., Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Perinatology and Reproductology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, December 10). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020. 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