{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T11:52:39Z","timestamp":1776685959607,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine whether early-onset and late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) differentially affects the blood\u2013brain barrier integrity. Furthermore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown and neurological disorders in FGR newborns. To evaluate the serum tight junction (TJ) proteins and the placental TJ proteins expression, an ELISA method was used. A significant difference in serum OCLN concentrations was noticed in pregnancies complicated by the early-onset FGR, in relation to the intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurrence in newborns. No significant differences in concentrations of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NR1), nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NME1), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), occludin (OCLN), claudin-5 (CLN5), zonula occludens-1 (zo-1), the CLN5\/zo-1 ratio, and the placental expression of OCLN, CLN5, claudin-4 (CLN4), zo-1 were noticed between groups. The early-onset FGR was associated with a higher release of NME1 into the maternal circulation in relation to the brain-sparing effect and premature delivery. Additionally, in late-onset FGR, the higher release of the S100B into the maternal serum in regard to fetal distress was observed. Furthermore, there was a higher release of zo-1 into the maternal circulation in relation to newborns\u2019 moderate acidosis in late-onset FGR. Blood\u2013brain barrier disintegration is not dependent on pregnancy advancement at the time of FGR diagnosis. NME1 may serve as a biomarker useful in the prediction of fetal circulatory centralization and extremely low birth weight in pregnancies complicated by the early-onset FGR. Moreover, the serum zo-1 concentration may have prognostic value for moderate neonatal acidosis in late-onset FGR pregnancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T03:16:52Z","timestamp":1674098212000},"page":"1965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Does the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Integrity Change in Regard to the Onset of Fetal Growth Restriction?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Misan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kapska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4782-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"Osztynowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariola","family":"Ropacka-Lesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4674-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kawka-Paciorkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000357592","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and classification of fetal growth restriction and proposal of a stage-based management protocol","volume":"36","author":"Figueras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. 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