{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:41:45Z","timestamp":1790959305352,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TRANSLATIONAL BIOMEDICINE: MULTI-ORGAN PATHOLOGY AND THERAPY","award":["n. DSB.AD007.256 (CNR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n. DSB.AD007.256 (CNR)"]}]},{"name":"TRANSLATIONAL BIOMEDICINE: MULTI-ORGAN PATHOLOGY AND THERAPY","award":["N.0000625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.0000625"]}]},{"name":"BANCA D\u2019ITALIA","award":["n. DSB.AD007.256 (CNR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n. DSB.AD007.256 (CNR)"]}]},{"name":"BANCA D\u2019ITALIA","award":["N.0000625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.0000625"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Olfactory capacity declines with aging, but increasing evidence shows that smell dysfunction is one of the early signs of prodromal neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease. The study of olfactory ability and its role in neurodegenerative diseases arouses much interest in the scientific community. In neurology, olfactory impairment is a potential early marker for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. The loss of smell is considered a clinical sign of early-stage disease and a marker of the disease\u2019s progression and cognitive impairment. Highlighting the importance of biological bases of smell and molecular pathways could be fundamental to improve neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies. We focused on the review articles and meta-analyses on olfactory and cognitive impairment. We depicted the neurobiology of olfaction and the most common olfactory tests in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we underlined the close relationship between the olfactory and cognitive deficit due to nasal neuroepithelium, which is a direct extension of the CNS in communication with the external environment. Neurons, Nose, and Neurodegenerative diseases highlights the role of olfactory dysfunction as a clinical marker for early stages of neurodegenerative diseases when it is associated with molecular, clinical, and neuropathological correlations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T02:27:45Z","timestamp":1674440865000},"page":"2117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Neurons, Nose, and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Olfactory Function and Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Fatuzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Francesco","family":"Niccolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5481-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3121-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1918-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Giuseppe","family":"Bellizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"de Vincentiis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6806-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0651-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Petrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Minni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, ASL Rieti-Sapienza University, Viale Kennedy, 02100 Rieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Barbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ennis, M., Hamilton, K.A., and Hayar, A. 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