{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1792805466463,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (Ricerca Corrente)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ycyys66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in degenerative diseases involving articular cartilage has pushed research to focus on their pathogenesis and treatment, exploiting increasingly complex techniques. Gene expression analyses from tissue are representative of the in vivo situation, but the protocols to be applied to obtain a reliable analysis are not completely cleared through customs. Thus, RNA extraction from fresh samples and specifically from musculoskeletal tissue such as cartilage is still a challenging issue. The aim of the review is to provide an overview of the techniques described in the literature for RNA extraction, highlighting limits and possibilities. The research retrieved 65 papers suitable for the purposes. The results highlighted the great difficulty in comparing the different studies, both for the sources of tissue used and for the techniques employed, as well as the details about protocols. Few papers compared different RNA extraction methods or homogenization techniques; the case study reported by authors about RNA extraction from sheep cartilage has not found an analog in the literature, confirming the existence of a relevant blank on studies about RNA extraction from cartilage tissue. However, the state of the art depicted can be used as a starting point to improve and expand studies on this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T02:27:45Z","timestamp":1674440865000},"page":"2120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["RNA Extraction from Cartilage: Issues, Methods, Tips"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4055-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Pagani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3778-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melania","family":"Maglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Sicuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Fini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Di Barbiano, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Giavaresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Brogini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.2144\/97226bm16","article-title":"Rapid Isolation of Total RNA from Small Samples of Hypocellular, Dense Connective Tissues","volume":"22","author":"Reno","year":"1997","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.08.027","article-title":"A New Bi-Layered Scaffold for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration: In Vitro and in Vivo Preclinical Investigations","volume":"70","author":"Sartori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. 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