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With the development of non-culture-dependent techniques, the presence of low-biomass microbiomes in the lungs has been identified. The species of the lung microbiome are similar to those of the oral microbiome, suggesting that the microbiome is derived passively within the lungs from the oral cavity via micro-aspiration. Elimination, immigration, and relative growth within its communities all contribute to the composition of the lung microbiome. The lung microbiome is reportedly altered in many lung diseases that have not traditionally been considered infectious or microbial, and potential pathways of microbe\u2013host crosstalk are emerging. Recent studies have shown that the lung microbiome also plays an important role in brain autoimmunity. There is a close relationship between the lungs and the brain, which can be called the lung\u2013brain axis. However, the problem now is that it is not well understood how the lung microbiota plays a role in the disease\u2014specifically, whether there is a causal connection between disease and the lung microbiome. The lung microbiome includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. However, fungi and viruses have not been fully studied compared to bacteria in the lungs. In this review, we mainly discuss the role of the lung microbiome in chronic lung diseases and, in particular, we summarize the recent progress of the lung microbiome in multiple sclerosis, as well as the lung\u2013brain axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T02:27:45Z","timestamp":1674440865000},"page":"2170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The Lung Microbiome: A New Frontier for Lung and Brain Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiasheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7531-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Dong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Clinical Oncology Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiquan","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7925-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, 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