{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:57:44Z","timestamp":1792897064721,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2022NSFSC1658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1658"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2020M683652XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M683652XB"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2022NSFSC1658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1658"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2020M683652XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M683652XB"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei) is an ectoparasite that can infest humans and 150 mammalian host species, primarily causing pruritus, crust, and alopecia. However, neither the pathological process of host skin under S. scabiei infection nor the mechanism of S. scabiei infection in regulating apoptosis and keratinization of host skin has been studied yet. In this study, a total of 56 rabbits were artificially infested with S. scabiei, and the skin samples were collected at seven different time points, including 6 h, 12 h, day 1, day 3, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, whereas a group of eight rabbits served as controls. We measured epidermal thickness by H&amp;E staining, observed the skin ultrastructure by electron microscopy, and detected the degree of skin apoptosis by TUNEL staining. The level of transcription of genes related to apoptosis and keratinization was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the level of Bcl-2 protein expression was further detected using immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that, with increased infestation time, the epidermal layer of the rabbit skin exhibited significant thickening and keratinization, swollen mitochondria in the epidermal cells, and increased skin apoptosis. The level of caspase-1, 3, 8, 10, 14, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression was increased, whereas the level of keratin 1 and 5 was decreased after S. scabiei infestation. In conclusion, S. scabiei infestation causes thickening of the epidermis, which may be related to apoptosis-induced proliferation and skin keratinization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T02:27:45Z","timestamp":1674440865000},"page":"2187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Artificial Infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in Rabbits Exhibits Progressive Pathological Changes, Apoptosis, and Keratinization in the Skin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3773-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuerong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14082","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange: An emerging panzootic in wildlife","volume":"69","author":"Escobar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e6sborg-Nielsen, C., Wilkinson, V., Mejia-Pacheco, N., and Carver, S. (2022). Evidence underscoring immunological and clinical pathological changes associated with Sarcoptes scabiei infection: Synthesis and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07635-5"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12482","article-title":"Superficial fibrin thrombi\u2026and other findings: A review of the histopathology of human scabietic infections","volume":"42","author":"Elwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Ashram, S., Aboelhadid, S.M., Abdel-Kafy, E.-S.M., Hashem, S.A., Mahrous, L.N., Farghly, E.M., and Kamel, A.A. (2020). Investigation of Pre- and Post-Weaning Mortalities in Rabbits Bred in Egypt, with Reference to Parasitic and Bacterial Causes. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030537"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.10.007","article-title":"On the aggregated nature of chronic Sarcoptes scabiei infection in adult pigs","volume":"192","author":"Goyena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2006.05.005","article-title":"Crusted scabies (sarcoptic mange) in four cats due to Sarcoptes scabiei infestation","volume":"8","author":"Malik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12878","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12878","article-title":"Porcine scabies induces marked apoptosis, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, TNF-alpha and shedding of ICAM-1","volume":"43","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"167","article-title":"Clinico-pathological, histochemical and therapeutic studies on concurrent sarcoptic and notoedric acariosis in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"77","author":"Darzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.019","article-title":"Survey of mange mite infesting sheep in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Murshed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.7589\/2010-11-316","article-title":"Pathology of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): Macroscopic and histologic characterization of three disease stages","volume":"49","author":"Nimmervoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-007-0105-3","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange in two roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from northern Spain","volume":"54","author":"Oleaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.347","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange in raccoons in Michigan","volume":"40","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12079","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology and pathology of raccoon-derived Sarcoptes mites from urban areas of Germany","volume":"28","author":"Min","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12598","article-title":"Outbreaks of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging koala populations in Victoria and South Australia: A case series","volume":"95","author":"Speight","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.03.001","article-title":"Primary and secondary experimental infestation of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with Sarcoptes scabiei from a wild rabbit: Factors determining resistance to reinfestation","volume":"203","author":"Casais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moroni, B., Rossi, L., Bernigaud, C., and Guillot, J. (2022). Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020213"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2307\/3282810","article-title":"Histopathology in hosts parasitized by Sarcoptes scabiei","volume":"76","author":"Arlian","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2542-5","article-title":"Histopathology, microbiology and the inflammatory process associated with Sarcoptes scabiei infection in the Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica","volume":"10","author":"Espinosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mounsey, K.E., Murray, H.C., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Pasay, C., Holt, D., Currie, B.J., Walton, S., and McCarthy, J. (2015). Prospective study in a porcine model of Sarcoptes scabiei indicates the association of Th2 and Th17 pathways with the clinical severity of scabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003498"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.036","article-title":"Determination of oxidative status and apoptosis in peripheral blood of dogs with sarcoptic mange","volume":"178","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.020","article-title":"Caspases in Cell Death, Inflammation, and Disease","volume":"50","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.253","article-title":"From basic apoptosis discoveries to advanced selective BCL-2 family inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Ashkenazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32-e9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01082.x","article-title":"Innate immune defense system of the skin","volume":"24","author":"Afshar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"106","article-title":"The role of keratinocytes in defense against infection","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.06.010","article-title":"Cell death by cornification","volume":"1833","author":"Eckhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb06912.x","article-title":"Expression of cytokeratins in regenerating human epidermis","volume":"133","author":"Kallioinen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(21)01329-4","article-title":"Scabies, lice, and fungal infections","volume":"16","author":"Taplin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mounsey, K., Ho, M.-F., Kelly, A., Willis, C., Pasay, C., Kemp, D.J., McCarthy, J., and Fischer, K. (2010). A tractable experimental model for study of human and animal scabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000756"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.014563","article-title":"Scabies: More than just an irritation","volume":"80","author":"McCarthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Wang, Q., Wang, S., Huang, W., Xie, Y., Gu, X., He, R., Peng, X., Wu, S., and Yang, G. (2022). Comparative genomics of Sarcoptes scabiei provide new insights into adaptation to permanent parasitism and within-host species divergence. Transbound. Emerg. Dis.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14706"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06364.x","article-title":"Scabies in animals and humans: History, evolutionary perspectives, and modern clinical management","volume":"1230","author":"Currier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30469-3","article-title":"Scratching the itch: Is scabies a truly neglected disease?","volume":"17","author":"Chosidow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1616169","article-title":"Crusted Scabies","volume":"377","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-5.4.387","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange in red foxes and coyotes of Wisconsin","volume":"5","author":"Trainer","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/18.5.409","article-title":"Ectoparasites of wild canids from the Gulf Coastal Prairies of Texas and Louisiana","volume":"18","author":"Pence","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1335","article-title":"Sarcoptic mange in wildlife","volume":"21","author":"Pence","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afab225","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab225","article-title":"Dermoscopic visualisation of crawling scabies mites in a centenarian with palmoplantar crusted scabies","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, S.A., Walton, S.F., Ventura, T., Liu, X., McCarthy, J.S., Burgess, S.T.G., and Mounsey, K.E. (2020). Early immune suppression leads to uncontrolled mite proliferation and potent host inflammatory responses in a porcine model of crusted versus ordinary scabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008601"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.08.005","article-title":"Research Techniques Made Simple: Animal Models of Wound Healing","volume":"138","author":"Grada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2234-1","article-title":"A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: Past, present and future","volume":"10","author":"Arlian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, M.S., Arlian, L.G., and Markey, M.P. (2013). Sarcoptes scabiei mites modulate gene expression in human skin equivalents. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071143"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12484","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction: A neglected component of skin diseases","volume":"23","author":"Feichtinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20210-3","article-title":"Analysing the mechanism of mitochondrial oxidation-induced cell death using a multifunctional iridium(III) photosensitiser","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1972.33","article-title":"Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics","volume":"26","author":"Kerr","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-860-3_5","article-title":"Detection of Apoptosis by TUNEL Assay","volume":"887","author":"Kyrylkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)70151-4","article-title":"Survival and infectivity of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis and var. hominis","volume":"11","author":"Arlian","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3452","article-title":"Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes","volume":"13","author":"Latz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.007","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of inflammasomes","volume":"157","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.47","article-title":"Killers creating new life: Caspases drive apoptosis-induced proliferation in tissue repair and disease","volume":"24","author":"Fogarty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.10.017","article-title":"Bcl-2 proteins and mitochondria\u2014Specificity in membrane targeting for death","volume":"1813","author":"Lindsay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.11906","article-title":"Procyanidin B2 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis by suppressing the Bcl-2\/Bax and NF-kappaB signalling pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.040","article-title":"Active caspase-1 is a regulator of unconventional protein secretion","volume":"132","author":"Keller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.5.753","article-title":"Roles of caspases in apoptosis, development, and cytokine maturation revealed by homozygous gene deficiencies","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0200-x","article-title":"Molecular basis of dimerization of initiator caspase was revealed by crystal structure of caspase-8 pro-domain","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.8","article-title":"Individual caspase-10 isoforms play distinct and opposing roles in the initiation of death receptor-mediated tumour cell apoptosis","volume":"2","author":"Flahaut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201159","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202201159","article-title":"Paradoxical roles of caspase-3 in regulating cell survival, proliferation, and tumorigenesis","volume":"221","author":"Eskandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89793-1","article-title":"Caspase-8 deficiency induces a switch from TLR3 induced apoptosis to lysosomal cell death in neuroblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Locquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00955-08","article-title":"Biphasic modulation of apoptotic pathways in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-013-1319-8","article-title":"Expression of caspase-14 and keratin-19 in the human epidermis and appendages during fetal skin development","volume":"305","author":"Gkegkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.350","article-title":"Caspase-14-deficient mice are more prone to the development of parakeratosis","volume":"133","author":"Hoste","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13558","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13558","article-title":"Keratin 1 attenuates hypoxic pulmonary artery hypertension by suppressing pulmonary artery media smooth muscle expansion","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001780","article-title":"Identification of a novel PYP-1 gene in Sarcoptes scabiei and its potential as a serodiagnostic candidate by indirect-ELISA","volume":"145","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1491-y","article-title":"The Molecular mechanisms of mrotective role of Se on the G0\/G1 phase arrest caused by AFB1 in broiler\u2019s thymocytes","volume":"189","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575468","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3575468","article-title":"Histological Lesions and Cellular Response in the Skin of Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) Spontaneously Affected by Sarcoptic Mange","volume":"2016","author":"Salvadori","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-011-0083-y","article-title":"Cytopathology of parasitic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Sood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"477","article-title":"Expression Stability Analysis of Reference Genes in Different Development Periods and Tissues in Oryctolagus cuniculus","volume":"3","author":"Rui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/2187\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:13:19Z","timestamp":1760119999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/2187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24032187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24032187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]}}}