{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:56:26Z","timestamp":1766138186519,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Universidades","award":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"]}]},{"name":"SANOFI-Aventis S.A","award":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)","award":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"]}]},{"name":"CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas)","award":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01294","FPU19\/04610"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the accumulation of cholesterol in the intima. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 inhibitors (iPCSK9) can reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by 60%, but there is still no evidence that they can lower markers of systemic inflammation such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Acute-phase serum glycoproteins are upregulated in the liver during systemic inflammation, and their role as inflammatory biomarkers is under clinical evaluation. In this observational study, we evaluate the effects of iPCSK9 on glycoproteins (Glyc) A, B and F. Thirty-nine patients eligible for iPCSK9 therapy were enrolled. One sample before and after one to six months of iPCSK9 therapy with alirocumab was obtained from each patient. Lipids, apolipoproteins, hsCRP and PCSK9 levels were measured by biochemical analyses, and the lipoprotein and glycoprotein profiles were measured by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The PCSK9 inhibitor reduced total (36.27%, p &lt; 0.001), LDL (55.05%, p &lt; 0.001) and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (45.11%, p &lt; 0.001) cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) C-III (10%, p &lt; 0.001), triglycerides (9.92%, p &lt; 0.001) and glycoprotein signals GlycA (11.97%, p &lt; 0.001), GlycB (3.83%, p = 0.017) and GlycF (7.26%, p &lt; 0.001). It also increased apoA-I (2.05%, p = 0.043) and HDL cholesterol levels (11.58%, p &lt; 0.001). Circulating PCSK9 levels increased six-fold (626.28%, p &lt; 0.001). The decrease in Glyc signals positively correlated with the decrease in triglycerides and apoC-III. In conclusion, in addition to LDL cholesterol, iPCSK9 therapy also induces a reduction in systemic inflammation measured by 1H-NMR glycoprotein signals, which correlates with a decrease in triglycerides and apoC-III.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:53:18Z","timestamp":1674618798000},"page":"2319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["PCSK9 Inhibitors Have Apolipoprotein C-III-Related Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Assessed by 1H-NMR Glycoprotein Profile in Subjects at High or very High Cardiovascular Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Pere","family":"Rehues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en L\u00edpids i Arteriosclerosi, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefa","family":"Girona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en L\u00edpids i Arteriosclerosi, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montse","family":"Guardiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en L\u00edpids i Arteriosclerosi, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Plana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7023-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Scicali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1781-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Piro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ovidio","family":"Mu\u00f1iz-Grijalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Clinico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular, Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Sevilla, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roser","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en L\u00edpids i Arteriosclerosi, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaiza","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en L\u00edpids i Arteriosclerosi, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Amig\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biosfer Teslab, 43201 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0789-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Masana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en L\u00edpids i Arteriosclerosi, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiana","family":"Ibarretxe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Unitat de Recerca en L\u00edpids i Arteriosclerosi, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, 43204 Reus, 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