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Preterm germ-free (GF) piglets were mono-associated with probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB12) to ameliorate\/prevent the consequences of infection with the Salmonella Typhimurium strain LT2 (LT2). Goblet cell density; expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 9; high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1); interleukin (IL)-6; and IL-12\/23p40 were analyzed to evaluate the possible modulatory effect of BB12. BB12 prevented an LT2-induced decrease of goblet cell density in the colon. TLRs signaling modified by LT2 was not influenced by the previous association with BB12. The expression of HMGB1, IL-6, and IL12\/23p40 in the jejunum, ileum, and colon and their levels in plasma were all decreased by BB12, but these changes were not statistically significant. In the colon, differences in HMGB1 distribution between the GF and LT2 piglet groups were observed. In conclusion, the mono-association of GF piglets with BB12 prior to LT2 infection partially ameliorated the inflammatory response to LT2 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:53:18Z","timestamp":1674618798000},"page":"2329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Release of HMGB1 and Toll-like Receptors 2, 4, and 9 Signaling Are Modulated by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Salmonella Typhimurium in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model of Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Splichal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9785-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdislava","family":"Kindlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7095-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbynek","family":"Stranak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, 147 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Neuzil Bunesova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Sinkora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Polakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Valaskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7428-7687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alla","family":"Splichalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13195","article-title":"Global Burden of Preterm Birth","volume":"150","author":"Walani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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