{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:56:27Z","timestamp":1790816187455,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and the German Research Foundation (DFG)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiome plays a major role in human health, and gut microbial imbalance or dysbiosis is associated with disease development. Modulation in the gut microbiome can be used to treat or prevent different diseases. Gut dysbiosis increases with aging, and it has been associated with the impairment of gut barrier function leading to the leakage of harmful metabolites such as trimethylamine (TMA). TMA is a gut metabolite resulting from dietary amines that originate from animal-based foods. TMA enters the portal circulation and is oxidized by the hepatic enzyme into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). Increased TMAO levels have been reported in elderly people. High TMAO levels are linked to peripheral artery disease (PAD), endothelial senescence, and vascular aging. Emerging evidence showed the beneficial role of probiotics and prebiotics in the management of several atherogenic risk factors through the remodeling of the gut microbiota, thus leading to a reduction in TMAO levels and atherosclerotic lesions. Despite the promising outcomes in different studies, the definite mechanisms of gut dysbiosis and microbiota-derived TMAO involved in atherosclerosis remain not fully understood. More studies are still required to focus on the molecular mechanisms and precise treatments targeting gut microbiota and leading to atheroprotective effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T01:57:07Z","timestamp":1674698227000},"page":"2399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The Role of the Gut Microbiome and Trimethylamine Oxide in Atherosclerosis and Age-Related Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Racha","family":"El Hage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Ruppin-Brandenburg, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Al-Arawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Ruppin-Brandenburg, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Vascular Surgery Clinic, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Hinterseher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Ruppin-Brandenburg, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Vascular Surgery Clinic, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Gesundheitswissenschaften Brandenburg, Gemeinsame Fakult\u00e4t der Universit\u00e4t Potsdam, der Medizinischen Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane und der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universit\u00e4t Cottbus\u2014Senftenberg, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24\u201325, 14476 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000029784.15893.10","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Hansson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. 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