{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:04:41Z","timestamp":1791165881722,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-24-00712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-24-00712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the fact that sorafenib is recommended for the treatment of oncological diseases of the liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland, and recently it has been used for combination therapy of brain cancer of various genesis, there are still significant problems for its widespread and effective use. Among these problems, the presence of the blood\u2013brain barrier of the brain and the need to use high doses of sorafenib, the existence of mechanisms for the redistribution of sorafenib and its release in the brain tissue, as well as the high resistance of gliomas and glioblastomas to therapy should be considered the main ones. Therefore, there is a need to create new methods for delivering sorafenib to brain tumors, enhancing the therapeutic potential of sorafenib and reducing the cytotoxic effects of active compounds on the healthy environment of tumors, and ideally, increasing the survival of healthy cells during therapy. Using vitality tests, fluorescence microscopy, and molecular biology methods, we showed that the selenium-sorafenib (SeSo) nanocomplex, at relatively low concentrations, is able to bypass the mechanisms of glioblastoma cell chemoresistance and to induce apoptosis through Ca2+-dependent induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, changes in the expression of selenoproteins and selenium-containing proteins, as well as key kinases-regulators of oncogenicity and cell death. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) also have a high anticancer efficacy in glioblastomas, but are less selective, since SeSo in cortical astrocytes causes a more pronounced activation of the cytoprotective pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T01:58:59Z","timestamp":1674784739000},"page":"2411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ca2+-Dependent Effects of the Selenium-Sorafenib Nanocomplex on Glioblastoma Cells and Astrocytes of the Cerebral Cortex: Anticancer Agent and Cytoprotector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena G.","family":"Varlamova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center \u201cPushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venera V.","family":"Khabatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilove st., 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8814-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Gudkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilove st., 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor A.","family":"Turovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center \u201cPushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280319","article-title":"Glioblastoma and Other Malignant Gliomas: A Clinical Review","volume":"310","author":"Omuro","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-016-1497-x","article-title":"Survival in Glioblastoma: A Review on the Impact of Treatment Modalities","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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