{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:52:16Z","timestamp":1792633936511,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-25-00484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-25-00484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening disease that predominantly affects very low birth weight preterm infants. Development of NEC in preterm infants is accompanied by high mortality. Surgical treatment of NEC can be complicated by short bowel syndrome, intestinal failure, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, and neurodevelopmental delay. Issues surrounding pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of NEC remain unclear. This review summarizes data on prenatal risk factors for NEC, the role of pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth retardation in the pathogenesis of NEC. The role of hypoxia in NEC is discussed. Recent data on the role of the intestinal microbiome in the development of NEC, and features of the metabolome that can serve as potential biomarkers, are presented. The Pseudomonadota phylum is known to be associated with NEC in preterm neonates, and the role of other bacteria and their metabolites in NEC pathogenesis is also discussed. The most promising approaches for preventing and treating NEC are summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T04:31:27Z","timestamp":1675053087000},"page":"2471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Necrotizing Enterocolitis: The Role of Hypoxia, Gut Microbiome, and Microbial Metabolites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kaplina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Physiology and Diseases of Newborns, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7373-7797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Kononova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Protein Synthesis Regulation, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Zaikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory of Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Pervunina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Perinatology and Pediatrics, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Physiology and Diseases of Newborns, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0331-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Sitkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epigenetics and Metagenomics Group, Institute of Perinatology and Pediatrics, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg 191015, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219891971","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis: It\u2019s not all in the gut","volume":"245","author":"Meister","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaied, A., Islam, N., and Thalib, L. (2020). Global incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02231-5"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.09.020","article-title":"Surgical necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"41","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. 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