{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:34:05Z","timestamp":1791974045496,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mayday Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare, non-inherited bone disease occurring following a somatic gain-of-function R201 missense mutation of the guanine-nucleotide binding protein alpha subunit stimulating activity polypeptide 1 (GNAS) gene. The spectrum of the disease ranges from a single FD lesion to a combination with extraskeletal features; an amalgamation with caf\u00e9-au-lait skin hyperpigmentation, precocious puberty, and other endocrinopathies defines McCune\u2013Albright Syndrome (MAS). Pain in FD\/MAS represents one of the most prominent aspects of the disease and one of the most challenging to treat\u2014an outcome driven by (i) the heterogeneous nature of FD\/MAS, (ii) the variable presentation of pain phenotypes (i.e., craniofacial vs. musculoskeletal pain), (iii) a lack of studies probing pain mechanisms, and (iv) a lack of rigorously validated analgesic strategies in FD\/MAS. At present, a range of pharmacotherapies are prescribed to patients with FD\/MAS to mitigate skeletal disease activity, as well as pain. We analyze evidence guiding the current use of bisphosphonates, denosumab, and other therapies in FD\/MAS, and also discuss the potential underlying pharmacological mechanisms by which pain relief may be achieved. Furthermore, we highlight the range of presentation of pain in individual cases of FD\/MAS to further describe the difficulties associated with employing effective pain treatment in FD\/MAS. Potential next steps toward identifying and validating effective pain treatments in FD\/MAS are discussed, such as employing randomized control trials and probing new pain pathways in this rare bone disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T04:58:25Z","timestamp":1675054705000},"page":"2550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pharmacological Interventions Targeting Pain in Fibrous Dysplasia\/McCune\u2013Albright Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Tucker-Bartley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8276-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daryl J.","family":"Selen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"van Gool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ebb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mannstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaymin","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-12","article-title":"McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orphanet J. 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