{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T17:25:19Z","timestamp":1767115519221,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["280642759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["280642759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A major drawback of nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications is their preferential phagocytosis in immune cells, which can be avoided by surface modifications like PEGylation. Nevertheless, examinations of different polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain lengths on the competence of immune cells as well as possible immunotoxic effects are still sparse. Therefore, primary murine macrophages and dendritic cells were generated and incubated with magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles (MNPSNPs) modified with different mPEG chains (2 kDa, 5 kDa, and 10 kDa). Cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. Immune competence of both cell types was examined and uptake of MNPSNPs into macrophages was visualized. Concentrations up to 150 \u00b5g\/mL MNPSNPs showed no effects on the metabolic activity or immune competence of both cell types. However, ROS significantly increased in macrophages incubated with larger PEG chains, while the concentration of cytokines (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6) did not indicate a proinflammatory process. Investigations on the uptake of MNPSNPs revealed no differences in the onset of internalization and the intensity of intracellular fluorescence. The study gives no indication for an immunotoxic effect of PEGylated MNPSNPs. Nevertheless, there is still a need for optimization regarding their internalization to ensure an efficient drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T04:58:25Z","timestamp":1675054705000},"page":"2565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influence of PEG Chain Length of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles on the Cytocompatibility and Immune Competence of Primary Murine Macrophages and Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1885-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronja","family":"Storjohann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birthe","family":"Gericke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janin","family":"Reifenrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Medical School, Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstra\u00dfe 9, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstra\u00dfe 9, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0596-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilke","family":"Oltmanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-848X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Mei\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24222","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra44734k","article-title":"BMP2-loaded nanoporous silica nanoparticles promote osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"3","author":"Neumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1021\/cm901259n","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Biocompatible and Size-Tunable Multifunctional Porous Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0090-8","article-title":"Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6097","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S321984","article-title":"Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity, Metabolism, and Cellular Behavior in Biomedicine Applications","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b02261","article-title":"Magnetic Drug Targeting: Preclinical in Vivo Studies, Mathematical Modeling, and Extrapolation to Humans","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.891804","article-title":"High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging enhanced with superparamagnetic nanoparticles measures macrophage burden in atherosclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Morishige","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z.-F., Chang, Y., and Xia, N. (2021). Recent Development of Nanomaterials-Based Cytosensors for the Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11080281"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1711","article-title":"Chip-NMR biosensor for detection and molecular analysis of cells","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0389-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intratumoral thermotherapy using magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy on patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"103","author":"Ulrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-03005-x","article-title":"Combined intracavitary thermotherapy with iron oxide nanoparticles and radiotherapy as local treatment modality in recurrent glioblastoma patients","volume":"141","author":"Grauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00629-x","article-title":"Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1163\/156856211X616183","article-title":"Magnetic Drug Targeting as New Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Biomaterial Infections","volume":"23","author":"Obermeier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4686","article-title":"Clinical experiences with magnetic drug targeting: A phase I study with 4\u2019-epidoxorubicin in 14 patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"56","author":"Bergemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2005.02.036","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo investigations of targeted chemotherapy with magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"293","author":"Alexiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2018.14","article-title":"Mucin-1 aptamer-armed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells","volume":"8","author":"Aghanejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioimpacts"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-0578-8","article-title":"Biodistribution, biocompatibility and targeted accumulation of magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles as drug carrier in orthopedics","volume":"18","author":"Janssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fam, S.Y., Chee, C.F., Yong, C.Y., Ho, K.L., Mariatulqabtiah, A.R., and Tan, W.S. (2020). Stealth Coating of Nanoparticles in Drug-Delivery Systems. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040787"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024374","article-title":"Modulating pharmacokinetics, tumor uptake and biodistribution by engineered nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Arvizo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9597","DOI":"10.1021\/ac801882g","article-title":"In vivo study of biodistribution and urinary excretion of surface-modified silica nanoparticles","volume":"80","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1021\/nl900031y","article-title":"Mediating Tumor Targeting Efficiency of Nanoparticles Through Design","volume":"9","author":"Perrault","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2010.01.006","article-title":"Doxorubicin loaded PVA coated iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery","volume":"30","author":"Kayal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33068","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo experiments with iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with DEXTRAN or polyethylene glycol for medical applications: Magnetic targeting","volume":"102","author":"Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.009","article-title":"Biodistribution of PEG-modified gold nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection","volume":"31","author":"Lipka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2005.08.002","article-title":"In vivo tumor targeting of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-loaded stealth nanoparticles: Effect of MePEG molecular weight and particle size","volume":"27","author":"Fang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1033","article-title":"Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals","volume":"2","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.034","article-title":"Pre-existing anti\u2013polyethylene glycol antibody linked to first-exposure allergic reactions to pegnivacogin, a PEGylated RNA aptamer","volume":"137","author":"Ganson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.06.002","article-title":"A minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that predicts anti-PEG IgG-mediated clearance of PEGylated drugs in human and mouse","volume":"284","author":"McSweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11804","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03437","article-title":"Analysis of Pre-existing IgG and IgM Antibodies against Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) in the General Population","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2009). ISO 10993-5:2009-06: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices-Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0422-6","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo accumulation of magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles on implant materials with different magnetic properties","volume":"16","author":"Janssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-0067-z","article-title":"Effects of Nanoparticles on the Adhesion and Cell Viability on Astrocytes","volume":"120","author":"Au","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demine, S., Renard, P., and Arnould, T. (2019). Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Controller of Biological Processes in Physiology and Diseases. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080795"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2002596","article-title":"Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"112","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"63","article-title":"Comprehensive cytotoxicity studies of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.03.011","article-title":"Efficient internalization of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles of different sizes by primary human macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"253","author":"Kunzmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2012.12.3.104","article-title":"Induction of functional changes of dendritic cells by silica nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S135189","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles and induced autophagy in human monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19628-z","article-title":"Uptake, distribution, clearance, and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles with different sizes and coatings","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.11.010","article-title":"Efficient and safe internalization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Two fundamental requirements for biomedical applications","volume":"10","author":"Calero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200800199","article-title":"Assessing Methods for Blood Cell Cytotoxic Responses to Inorganic Nanoparticles and Nanoparticle Aggregates","volume":"4","author":"Arruebo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"787","article-title":"Evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticle biocompatibility","volume":"6","author":"Hanini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malvindi, M.A., De Matteis, V., Galeone, A., Brunetti, V., Anyfantis, G.C., Athanassiou, A., Cingolani, R., and Pompa, P.P. (2014). Toxicity Assessment of Silica Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Biocompatibility Improvement by Surface Engineering. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085835"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.02.025","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species in the genotoxicity of surface-modified magnetite nanoparticles","volume":"226","author":"Kozics","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EN00179J","article-title":"Silica nanoparticle-generated ROS as a predictor of cellular toxicity: Mechanistic insights and safety by design","volume":"3","author":"Lehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370902942574","article-title":"Single-walled carbon nanotubes impair human macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cell corpses","volume":"21","author":"Witasp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.09.031","article-title":"Effects of cilomilast on dendritic cell function in contact sensitivity and dendritic cell migration through skin","volume":"481","author":"Tschernig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00204-X","article-title":"An advanced culture method for generating large quantities of highly pure dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow","volume":"223","author":"Lutz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200201)32:1<231::AID-IMMU231>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Sequential involvement of CCR2 and CCR6 ligands for immature dendritic cell recruitment: Possible role at inflamed epithelial surfaces","volume":"32","author":"Vanbervliet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudkov, S.V., Burmistrov, D.E., Serov, D.A., Rebezov, M.B., Semenova, A.A., and Lisitsyn, A.B. (2021). Do Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Have Significant Antibacterial Properties?. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070884"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Foth, F. (2014). Grundlegende Untersuchungen zum Implant-Directed-Magnetic-Drug-Targeting und zu Seinem M\u00f6glichen, Zuk\u00fcnftigen Einsatz bei der Behandlung von Implantat-Assoziierten-Infektionen in der Orthop\u00e4dischen Chirurgie. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6996","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01326","article-title":"Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles with Polyethylene Glycol: Effects on Protein Adsorption and Cellular Uptake","volume":"9","author":"Pelaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.01.013","article-title":"\u2018Stealth\u2019 nanoparticles evade neural immune cells but also evade major brain cell populations: Implications for PEG-based neurotherapeutics","volume":"224","author":"Jenkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7598","DOI":"10.1021\/la204913t","article-title":"Surface Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles Supports Colloidal Stability in Physiological Media and Facilitates Internalization in Cells","volume":"28","author":"Graf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0281-6","article-title":"The agglomeration state of nanoparticles can influence the mechanism of their cellular internalisation","volume":"15","author":"Ceridono","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229568","article-title":"Minimal \u201cSelf\u201d peptides that inhibit phagocytic clearance and enhance delivery of nanoparticles","volume":"339","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201500129","article-title":"Macrophage Cell Membrane Camouflaged Mesoporous Silica Nanocapsules for In Vivo Cancer Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Xuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8693","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm01390k","article-title":"Impact of different PEGylation patterns on the long-term bio-stability of colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Cauda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1021\/cm051014c","article-title":"Well-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Cell Markers","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01720.x","article-title":"Histamine H4 receptors modulate dendritic cell migration through skin\u2013immunomodulatory role of histamine","volume":"63","author":"Wendorff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-014-0032-9","article-title":"Magnesium corrosion particles do not interfere with the immune function of primary human and murine macrophages","volume":"4","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/2565\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:19:10Z","timestamp":1760120350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/3\/2565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24032565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24032565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]}}}