{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:33:45Z","timestamp":1789997625452,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smear microscopic examination and culture of the corneal scrapings are the gold standards for the diagnosis of bacterial keratoconjunctivitis. High-sensitivity molecular biological examinations of the ocular surface specimens are used clinically. However, the results require careful interpretation to avoid the unintentional detection of indigenous bacteria. Results of conventional and state-of-the-art examinations require clinical verification for specificity and sensitivity. In this study, smear microscopic examination, culture, and nanopore sequencing using the MinION of ocular surface specimens from eight clinically diagnosed bacterial keratoconjunctivitis cases were performed and compared. Seven of the eight cases (87.5%) were smear positive and five (62.5%) were culture positive. The former showed the same genus in &gt;60% of the classified reads as one specific bacterium inferred from the smear microscopy when sequenced by the MinION. In two of the three culture-negative cases, the smear-positive images were highly reminiscent of the species comprising most of the MinION sequences. Four of the five culture-positive cases were consistent with the most prevalent bacteria in the sequencing results. Probable contamination among specimens processed on the same day were observed. In conclusion, the microscopic examination of the corneal scraping specimens may be more sensitive and specific than the culture examination. Additionally, although metagenomic analysis using the MinION contributes to more precise medication for bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, contamination can affect the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T04:58:25Z","timestamp":1675054705000},"page":"2611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Applying Metagenomic Analysis Using Nanopore Sequencer (MinION) for Precision Medicine in Bacterial Keratoconjunctivitis: Comprehensive Validation of Molecular Biological and Conventional Examinations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4046-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumika","family":"Hotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunji","family":"Kusaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.232660","article-title":"Infectious corneal ulceration: A proposal for neglected tropical disease status","volume":"97","author":"Ung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.7687","article-title":"Does this patient with acute infectious conjunctivitis have a bacterial infection? 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