{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:23:54Z","timestamp":1786973034197,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["F4607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F4607"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["F4613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F4613"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["P29398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P29398"]}]},{"name":"Country of Lower Austria\u2019s funded Danube Allergy research cluster","award":["F4607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F4607"]}]},{"name":"Country of Lower Austria\u2019s funded Danube Allergy research cluster","award":["F4613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F4613"]}]},{"name":"Country of Lower Austria\u2019s funded Danube Allergy research cluster","award":["P29398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P29398"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergy and rhinovirus (RV) infections are major triggers for rhinitis and asthma, causing a socioeconomic burden. As RVs and allergens may act synergistically to promote airway inflammation, simultaneous treatment strategies for both causative agents would be innovative. We have previously identified the transmembrane glycoprotein intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as an anchor for antibody conjugates bispecific for ICAM-1 and Phleum pratense (Phl p) 2, a major grass pollen allergen, to block allergen transmigration through the epithelial barrier. Since ICAM-1 is a receptor for the major group RVs, we speculated that our bispecific antibody conjugates may protect against RV infection. Therefore, we created antibody conjugates bispecific for ICAM-1 and the major grass pollen allergen Phl p 5 and analyzed their capacity to affect allergen penetration and RV infection. Bispecific antibody conjugates significantly reduced the trans-epithelial migration of Phl p 5 and thus the basolateral Phl p 5 concentration and allergenic activity as determined by humanized rat basophilic leukemia cells and inhibited RV infection of cultured epithelial cells. A reduction in allergenic activity was obtained only through the prevention of allergen transmigration because the Phl p 5-specific IgG antibody did not block the allergen\u2013IgE interaction. Our results indicate the potential of allergen\/ICAM-1-specific antibody conjugates as a topical treatment strategy for allergy and RV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T02:52:02Z","timestamp":1675219922000},"page":"2725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antibody Conjugates Bispecific for Pollen Allergens and ICAM-1 with Potential to Prevent Epithelial Allergen Transmigration and Rhinovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Weichwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Zettl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6335-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Ellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Niespodziana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva E.","family":"Waltl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Villazala-Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1304-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5981-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Eckl-Dorna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Niederberger-Leppin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Valenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria"},{"name":"National Research Centre (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Flicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunopathology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2018.03.002","article-title":"Molecular Aspects of Allergens and Allergy","volume":"138","author":"Valenta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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