{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:13:18Z","timestamp":1792447998545,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease is among the most prevalent diseases affecting the ocular surface. Artificial tears remain the cornerstone therapy for its management. There are currently a wide variety of marketed artificial tears available to choose from. These artificial tears differ significantly in their composition and formulation. This article reviews the physicochemical and biological properties of artificial tear components and how these characteristics determine their use and efficacy in the management of dry eye. Furthermore, this article also discusses the various formulations of artificial tears such as macro and nanoemulsion and the type of preservatives present in them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1675225622000},"page":"2758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A Critical Appraisal of the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Effects of Artificial Tear Ingredients and Formulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Judy","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"5","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. 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