{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:28:35Z","timestamp":1788395315999,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) catalyze the essential reaction of CO2 hydration in all living organisms, being actively involved in the regulation of a plethora of patho-\/physiological conditions. A series of griseofulvin and usnic acid sulfonamides were synthesized and tested as possible CA inhibitors. Since \u03b2- and \u03b3- classes are expressed in microorganisms in addition to the \u03b1- class, showing substantial structural differences to the human isoforms they are also interesting as new antiinfective targets with a different mechanism of action for fighting the emerging problem of extensive drug resistance afflicting most countries worldwide. Griseofulvin and usnic acid sulfonamides were synthesized using methods of organic chemistry. Their inhibitory activity, assessed against the cytosolic human isoforms hCA I and hCA II, the transmembrane hCA IX as well as \u03b2- and \u03b3-CAs from different bacterial and fungal strains, was evaluated by a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay. Several of the investigated derivatives showed interesting inhibition activity towards the cytosolic associate isoforms hCA I and hCA II, as well as the three \u03b3-CAs and Malassezia globosa (MgCA) enzyme. Six compounds (1b\u20131d, 1h, 1i and 1j) were more potent than AAZ against hCA I while five (1d, 1h, 1i, 1j and 4a) showed better activity than AAZ against the hCA II isoform. Moreover, all compounds appeared to be very potent against MgCA with a Ki lower than that of the reference drug. Furthermore, computational procedures were used to investigate the binding mode of this class of compounds within the active site of human CAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T02:21:12Z","timestamp":1675304472000},"page":"2802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Synthesis, Biological and In Silico Studies of Griseofulvin and Usnic Acid Sulfonamide Derivatives as Fungal, Bacterial and Human Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Angeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroFarba Department, Sezione di ScienzeFarmaceutiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR (National Research Council), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthi","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Kartsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InterBioScreen, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Lichitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7364-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Komogortsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemente","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR (National Research Council), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Geronikaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiu T.","family":"Supuran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroFarba Department, Sezione di ScienzeFarmaceutiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2013.761876","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrases: From biomedical applications of the inhibitors and activators to biotechnological use for CO2 capture","volume":"28","author":"Supuran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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