{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T21:50:11Z","timestamp":1791064211887,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alabama Agricultural Experimental Station (AAES)"},{"name":"Hatch\/Multistate Funding program"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research (AAES-AIR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle atrophy is prevalent in a myriad of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, denervation, long-term immobility, malnutrition, sarcopenia, obesity, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and cachexia. This is a critically important topic that has significance in the health of the current society, particularly older adults. The most damaging effect of muscle atrophy is the decreased quality of life from functional disability, increased risk of fractures, decreased basal metabolic rate, and reduced bone mineral density. Most skeletal muscle in humans contains slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic muscle fiber types. Depending on the pathological condition, either oxidative or glycolytic muscle type may be affected to a greater extent. This review article discusses the prevalence of skeletal muscle atrophy and several mechanisms, with an emphasis on high-fat, high-sugar diet patterns, obesity, and diabetes, but including other conditions such as sarcopenia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cancer cachexia, and heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T02:35:10Z","timestamp":1675391710000},"page":"2973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Prevalence and Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Metabolic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1341-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Jun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5882-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6358-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thangiah","family":"Geetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom L.","family":"Broderick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeganathan Ramesh","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/81.11.1810","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle fiber type classifications","volume":"81","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. 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