{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:47:34Z","timestamp":1792446454677,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka Foundation","award":["biomed-uniri-18-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["biomed-uniri-18-43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lichen planus is a chronic disease affecting the skin, appendages, and mucous membranes. A cutaneous lichen planus is a rare disease occurring in less than 1% of the general population, while oral illness is up to five times more prevalent; still, both forms equally impair the patient\u2019s quality of life. The etiology of lichen planus is not entirely understood. Yet, immune-mediated mechanisms have been recognized since environmental factors such as hepatitis virus infection, mechanical trauma, psychological stress, or microbiome changes can trigger the disease in genetically susceptible individuals. According to current understanding, lichen planus immunopathogenesis is caused by cell-mediated cytotoxicity, particularly cytotoxic T lymphocytes, whose activity is further influenced by Th1 and IL-23\/Th-17 axis. However, other immunocytes and inflammatory pathways complement these mechanisms. This paper presents a comprehensive insight into the actual knowledge about lichen planus, with the causal genetic and environmental factors being discussed, the immunopathogenesis described, and the principal effectors of its inflammatory circuits identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24033038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1675652252000},"page":"3038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0970-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijana","family":"Vi\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nika","family":"Hla\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Brajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlatka","family":"Soto\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Tome Stri\u017ei\u0107a 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3572-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa","family":"Prpi\u0107 Massari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737813","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.737813","article-title":"Lichen Planus","volume":"8","author":"Boch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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